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Questions and Answers
Which lipid component elevation is linked to premature atherosclerosis?
Which lipid component elevation is linked to premature atherosclerosis?
- HDL
- VLDL (correct)
- LDL
- Chylomicrons
What is the hallmark finding in familial hypercholesterolemia?
What is the hallmark finding in familial hypercholesterolemia?
- Apolipoprotein A1
- LDL (correct)
- HDL
- Chylomicrons
What is the primary function of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)?
What is the primary function of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)?
- Transport exogenous triglyceride
- Transport cholesterol from peripheral cells to the liver
- Transport cholesterol and phospholipids to peripheral cells
- Transport endogenous triglyceride (correct)
Which lipid level may be falsely elevated due to non-fasting conditions?
Which lipid level may be falsely elevated due to non-fasting conditions?
Which fraction correlates with pre-beta lipoprotein after ultracentrifugation?
Which fraction correlates with pre-beta lipoprotein after ultracentrifugation?
What is the function of proteins that bind or release H+ ions?
What is the function of proteins that bind or release H+ ions?
Under normal conditions, how are proteins excreted in urine?
Under normal conditions, how are proteins excreted in urine?
Which method determines protein concentration by measuring nitrogen content?
Which method determines protein concentration by measuring nitrogen content?
Phospholipids are structurally different from triglycerides primarily due to the presence of what group?
Phospholipids are structurally different from triglycerides primarily due to the presence of what group?
Which lipoprotein class is known to carry the most endogenous triglycerides?
Which lipoprotein class is known to carry the most endogenous triglycerides?
What is the relationship between lipoprotein size and its protein fraction?
What is the relationship between lipoprotein size and its protein fraction?
Which apoprotein is inversely related to the risk of coronary heart disease?
Which apoprotein is inversely related to the risk of coronary heart disease?
What is the expected effect of hypercholesterolemia on HDL levels?
What is the expected effect of hypercholesterolemia on HDL levels?
Which lipoprotein class is associated with a decreased risk of accelerated atherosclerosis?
Which lipoprotein class is associated with a decreased risk of accelerated atherosclerosis?
Which mechanism contributes to elevated plasma levels of beta-lipoproteins in familial hypercholesterolemia?
Which mechanism contributes to elevated plasma levels of beta-lipoproteins in familial hypercholesterolemia?
What is the composition of HDL by weight in terms of protein percentage?
What is the composition of HDL by weight in terms of protein percentage?
At what pH is the buffer typically set for conducting protein electrophoresis?
At what pH is the buffer typically set for conducting protein electrophoresis?
Which charge do proteins in electrophoresis typically possess that allows them to travel towards the anode?
Which charge do proteins in electrophoresis typically possess that allows them to travel towards the anode?
Which protein is known to travel the farthest in an electrophoresis?
Which protein is known to travel the farthest in an electrophoresis?
Which dye is not used in the dye binding method for measuring albumin levels?
Which dye is not used in the dye binding method for measuring albumin levels?
Bence Jones protein is most commonly associated with which medical condition?
Bence Jones protein is most commonly associated with which medical condition?
If a fasting glucose level is 90mg/dL, what would be considered a normal 2-hour postprandial glucose level?
If a fasting glucose level is 90mg/dL, what would be considered a normal 2-hour postprandial glucose level?
Which condition is characterized by excessive production of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Which condition is characterized by excessive production of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Which tumor marker is primarily associated with colorectal cancer?
Which tumor marker is primarily associated with colorectal cancer?
Study Notes
Lipids and Lipoproteins
- Free forms of fats form ester bonds with carbon or alcohol.
- Phospholipids contain a phosphate group, distinguishing them from triglycerides.
- Larger lipoproteins have a lesser protein fraction and are heavier in weight.
- Elevated chylomicron and/or VLDL levels correlate with increased triglyceride levels.
- Turbid serum indicates the presence of chylomicrons.
- Absence of apoprotein B100 leads to a lack of LDL.
- In hypercholesterolemia, HDL levels are typically low.
- High HDL levels are linked to a decreased risk of accelerated atherosclerosis.
- Apoprotein A1 is inversely associated with coronary heart disease risk.
- Familial hypercholesterolemia is characterized by an ApoB-100 receptor defect.
- VLDL carries the majority of endogenous triglycerides.
Protein and Health Indicators
- Total protein reference range is between 6.2-8.3 g/dL.
- Hyperproteinemia can occur from dehydration or liver disorders.
- Albumin is the most concentrated plasma protein and serves as an indicator of nutritional status.
- Acute-phase reactants include alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, reflecting inflammation.
- Haptoglobin binds with free hemoglobin, preventing kidney damage.
- Ceruloplasmin, a copper-containing protein, can predict premature birth risk.
- Protein electrophoresis typically uses a buffer at pH 8.6, with proteins traveling towards the anode.
Carbohydrates and Disorders
- Monosaccharides include galactose, fructose, and glucose; disaccharides include maltose and sucrose; starch is a polysaccharide.
- Fructose metabolism disorders manifest from enzyme deficiencies.
- Pheochromocytoma is an adrenal tumor causing excessive catecholamine production.
- Polyphagia denotes excessive hunger, while polyuria and polydipsia refer to increased urination and thirst, respectively.
Diabetes Mellitus Classification
- Type 1 DM is characterized as insulin-dependent and often affects thin individuals.
- Type II DM is commonly referred to as maturity-onset diabetes.
- Gestational DM occurs during pregnancy.
- Ketosis-prone is primarily associated with Type 1 DM.
Glucose Metabolism
- Normal glucose metabolism post-prandial is indicated by levels close to 100 mg/dL.
- CSF glucose levels in a healthy person typically approximate 60% of blood glucose levels.
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Description
Test your knowledge on lipids and their structures with this quiz. Questions cover various aspects of lipoproteins, phospholipids, and triglyceride levels. Assess your understanding of fat molecules and their physiological roles.
