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Which department is associated with the course HBF-102?
Which department is associated with the course HBF-102?
Who are the instructors for the Carbohydrate chemistry-1 lecture in the HBF-102 module?
Who are the instructors for the Carbohydrate chemistry-1 lecture in the HBF-102 module?
What is the academic year mentioned for the HBF-102 course?
What is the academic year mentioned for the HBF-102 course?
What is the primary focus of the HBF-102 module?
What is the primary focus of the HBF-102 module?
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In which faculty is the HBF-102 course offered?
In which faculty is the HBF-102 course offered?
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Who is one of the instructors for the HBF-102 course?
Who is one of the instructors for the HBF-102 course?
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What semester is the HBF-102 course scheduled for?
What semester is the HBF-102 course scheduled for?
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In which academic year is the HBF-102 course being offered?
In which academic year is the HBF-102 course being offered?
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Which university offers the HBF-102 course?
Which university offers the HBF-102 course?
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Which academic program is HBF-102 primarily designed for?
Which academic program is HBF-102 primarily designed for?
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Who is the assistant professor mentioned for the HBF-102 course?
Who is the assistant professor mentioned for the HBF-102 course?
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What is the glycosidic linkage between the monosaccharide units in lactose?
What is the glycosidic linkage between the monosaccharide units in lactose?
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Which of the following disaccharides is classified as a non-reducing sugar?
Which of the following disaccharides is classified as a non-reducing sugar?
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What is the main difference between a reducing and a non-reducing disaccharide?
What is the main difference between a reducing and a non-reducing disaccharide?
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Which of the following is NOT a property or function of carbohydrates?
Which of the following is NOT a property or function of carbohydrates?
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Which type of carbohydrate is composed of multiple monosaccharide units linked together by glycosidic bonds?
Which type of carbohydrate is composed of multiple monosaccharide units linked together by glycosidic bonds?
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Which of the following best describes the significance of oligosaccharides?
Which of the following best describes the significance of oligosaccharides?
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What is the primary function of polysaccharides in the human body?
What is the primary function of polysaccharides in the human body?
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Which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide that serves as an energy storage molecule in animals?
Which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide that serves as an energy storage molecule in animals?
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Which of the following departments are mentioned in the content provided? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following departments are mentioned in the content provided? (Select all that apply)
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Based on the content provided, what is the primary audience of this lecture?
Based on the content provided, what is the primary audience of this lecture?
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What is the likely purpose of this lecture?
What is the likely purpose of this lecture?
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What can be inferred about the structure of the lecture series based on the information provided?
What can be inferred about the structure of the lecture series based on the information provided?
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Which of the following statements is most likely true about the lecture?
Which of the following statements is most likely true about the lecture?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrate Chemistry Lecture Notes
- Course: Biochemistry for Year 1 students, HBF-102
- University: Helwan National University
- Semester: 1, 2024/2025
- Module: Human body Function (HBF) 102
- Lecturer(s): Dr. Mohamed I. Kotb & Dr. Ahmed M. A. Akabawy.
- Department: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University.
Carbohydrate Chemistry I
-
Objectives:
- Define carbohydrates and their biological importance.
- Classify carbohydrates.
- Define, classify, and describe the structural composition of monosaccharides.
- Describe the biological importance of monosaccharides.
- Define isomerism and their different forms with examples.
- List monosaccharides derivatives.
Introduction to Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic biomolecules in nature.
- CHO (Carbohydrates) are aldehydic or ketonic derivatives of polyhydric alcohols.
- General empirical formula is [C(H₂O)]n .
Classification of Carbohydrates
- Classified into:
- Monosaccharides: Cannot be hydrolysed into simpler units.
- Disaccharides: Produce two molecules of monosaccharides on hydrolysis.
- Oligosaccharides: Produce three to ten monosaccharide units on hydrolysis.
- Polysaccharides: Produce more than ten monosaccharide units on hydrolysis.
Examples of Monosaccharides
-
Hexoses:
- Glucose
- Fructose
- Galactose.
-
Pentoses:
- Ribose
- Xylose
Examples of Disaccharides
- Lactose: Formed of galactose and glucose with a β1,4-glycosidic linkage, found in milk.
- Maltose: Formed from two glucose units with an α1,4-glycosidic linkage, a product of starch digestion.
- Sucrose: Formed from glucose and fructose with a 1,2-glycosidic linkage.
Examples of Polysaccharides
- Starch: The chief storage form of carbohydrates in plants, made of glucose units by glycosidic bonds.
- Glycogen: The storage form of carbohydrates in animals, highly branched polysaccharide made of glucose units, branching points connected by α1,6-glycosidic linkages.
- Cellulose : A long, non-branched chain of β-glucose units with β1,4-glycosidic linkages, important component of plant cell walls.
Classification of Monosaccharides
-
Based on the number of carbon atoms:
- Trioses (3 carbons)
- Tetroses (4 carbons)
- Pentoses (5 carbons)
- Hexoses (6 carbons)
-
Based on the carbonyl group:
- Aldoses: Contain an aldehyde group.
- Ketoses: Contain a ketone group.
Isomerism
- Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures.
- Types of isomerism:
- Structural Isomerism: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangement of atoms.
- Stereoisomerism: Compounds differing in the spatial arrangement of atoms.
- Enantiomers: Non-superimposable mirror images.
- Diastereomers: Stereoisomers that are not mirror images.
- Epimers: Differ in configuration at only one chiral center.
- Anomers; Differ in configuration at the anomeric carbon
Chemical Nature of CHO
- CHO (Carbohydrates) are aldehydic or ketonic derivatives of polyhydric alcohols
Biological Importance of Monosaccharides
- Glucose: The final form of carbohydrate digestion, main source of energy in mammals.
- Fructose: Another source of energy in mammals, found in seminal fluid and fruits.
- Galactose: Converted to glucose in the liver, synthesized in mammary glands, part of many glycoproteins.
- Ribose: Found in nucleotides of RNA and DNA, also in ATP and other high-energy phosphate compounds.
Introduction to the next lecture
- Monosaccharides are linked by glycosidic bonds to form larger structures.
- There are different types of glycosidic bonds.
- Important examples of reducing and non-reducing disaccharides.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of carbohydrate chemistry as outlined in the Year 1 Biochemistry course, HBF-102 at Helwan University. Students will explore the classification, structure, and biological significance of carbohydrates, particularly monosaccharides, as well as isomerism and its various forms.
