Biochemistry: Enzymes and Cofactors

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What is the function of smooth ER in liver cells?

To modify and package proteins

To store and release ions like Ca2+

To break down toxins, drugs, and toxic by-products (correct)

To transport various substances in vesicles

What is the difference between cytosol and cytoplasm?

Cytosol is the gel-like substance, while cytoplasm is the contents suspended within it (correct)

Cytosol includes the components suspended within the gel-like substance, while cytoplasm does not

Cytosol is the same as cytoplasm

Cytosol is the contents suspended within the gel-like substance, while cytoplasm is the gel-like substance

What is the term for the union of a cofactor and an enzyme?

Coenzyme

Holoenzyme (correct)

Prosthetic group

Apoenzyme

What is the function of lysosomes?

To break down nutrients, bacteria, and cell debris Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

To modify and package proteins Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonds are responsible for the secondary structure of a protein?

Hydrogen bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of peroxisomes in liver cells?

To break down substances, fatty acids, and amino acids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a non-covalent interaction that contributes to the tertiary structure of a protein?

Hydrophobic effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the 3D shape of a protein that is a grouping of two or more separate peptide chains?

Quaternary structure Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of enzymes that escape from lysosomes?

They are inactive in the neutral pH of cytosol Signup and view all the answers

What is the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain?

Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a protein being taken out of its ideal temperature, pH range, or solvent?

Denaturation Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecule is a cofactor that is covalently bound to an enzyme?

Prosthetic group Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that generates ATP from ADP in the Electron Transport Chain?

Oxidative phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Coenzyme Q (CoQ)/Ubiquinone in the Electron Transport Chain?

To pass electrons from NADH and FADH2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of ATP yield from NADH and FADH2?

3:2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Cytochrome C in the Electron Transport Chain?

To donate or accept electrons for redox reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the Electron Transport Chain?

Inner membrane of the mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of C4 photosynthesis in hot and dry climates?

It enables a faster fixation speed and is more efficient Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of PEP carboxylase in CAM photosynthesis?

It converts CO2 into OAA, forming malic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic structure of C4 plants?

Kranz anatomy, with mesophyll cells clustered around bundle sheath cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Calvin cycle in C4 photosynthesis?

To regenerate RuBP Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between C4 and CAM photosynthesis?

C4 uses PEP carboxylase, while CAM uses RuBisCO Signup and view all the answers

What is the additional energy requirement for C4 photosynthesis?

One additional ATP molecule that becomes AMP Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between ATP totals in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

Prokaryotes do not have to transfer NADH molecules into the mitochondrial matrix Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the proton concentration gradient in chemiosmosis?

It generates ATP through the movement of protons Signup and view all the answers

In eukaryotes, what is the energy cost of transferring two NADH molecules into the mitochondrial matrix?

2 ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is the byproduct of the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 in the ETC?

H+ Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the inner membrane in the mitochondria?

It generates ATP through chemiosmosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of proton transport in chemiosmosis?

From the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space Signup and view all the answers