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Questions and Answers
Which of the following represents the reduced form of coenzyme Q?
Which of the following represents the reduced form of coenzyme Q?
- FMNH2
- QH2 (correct)
- NAD+
- Q
Complex II is responsible for transferring hydrogen from NADH.
Complex II is responsible for transferring hydrogen from NADH.
False (B)
What is formed when NADH donates electrons to FMN?
What is formed when NADH donates electrons to FMN?
FMNH2
At Complex I, NADH is converted to ________ during the electron transport chain.
At Complex I, NADH is converted to ________ during the electron transport chain.
Match the following complexes with their corresponding electron carriers:
Match the following complexes with their corresponding electron carriers:
What is the final product formed when electrons from the electron transport chain combine with oxygen?
What is the final product formed when electrons from the electron transport chain combine with oxygen?
Electron transport does not produce ATP energy.
Electron transport does not produce ATP energy.
What are the hydrogen ions and electrons transferred from NADH and FADH2 used for in the electron transport chain?
What are the hydrogen ions and electrons transferred from NADH and FADH2 used for in the electron transport chain?
What is the primary function of ATP synthase?
What is the primary function of ATP synthase?
What compound is formed by the hydrolysis of succinyl CoA?
What compound is formed by the hydrolysis of succinyl CoA?
The F1 complex of ATP synthase contains the channel for proton flow.
The F1 complex of ATP synthase contains the channel for proton flow.
Succinate undergoes hydration in the process of forming fumarate.
Succinate undergoes hydration in the process of forming fumarate.
What occurs in the T site of the F1 complex during ATP synthesis?
What occurs in the T site of the F1 complex during ATP synthesis?
Which of the following describes catabolic reactions?
Which of the following describes catabolic reactions?
The flow of protons through the _____ complex provides the energy for ATP synthesis.
The flow of protons through the _____ complex provides the energy for ATP synthesis.
What is the result of the dehydrogenation of malate?
What is the result of the dehydrogenation of malate?
Match the following sites in the F1 complex with their functions:
Match the following sites in the F1 complex with their functions:
The citric acid cycle can operate under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
The citric acid cycle can operate under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
Succinyl CoA provides energy to add phosphate to GDP and form _____ .
Succinyl CoA provides energy to add phosphate to GDP and form _____ .
How many ATP are synthesized from the energy provided by one NADH in Complex I?
How many ATP are synthesized from the energy provided by one NADH in Complex I?
Match the following reactions with their product:
Match the following reactions with their product:
What is produced during anaerobic conditions?
What is produced during anaerobic conditions?
The citric acid cycle oxidizes the acetyl group in acetyl CoA to produce ________.
The citric acid cycle oxidizes the acetyl group in acetyl CoA to produce ________.
What change occurs to the L site of the F1 complex after the center subunit turns?
What change occurs to the L site of the F1 complex after the center subunit turns?
Which molecule is reduced during the dehydrogenation of succinate?
Which molecule is reduced during the dehydrogenation of succinate?
The F0 complex contains the protein subunits where ATP forms.
The F0 complex contains the protein subunits where ATP forms.
Water is added to fumarate to produce malate.
Water is added to fumarate to produce malate.
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
What is the first product formed when oxaloacetate combines with acetyl CoA?
What is the first product formed when oxaloacetate combines with acetyl CoA?
The process through which succinate loses two H to form a double bond is known as _____ .
The process through which succinate loses two H to form a double bond is known as _____ .
Isomerization is a process that changes a molecule from one isomer to another.
Isomerization is a process that changes a molecule from one isomer to another.
What does the citric acid cycle generate that is essential for further energy production?
What does the citric acid cycle generate that is essential for further energy production?
What is the main product of the transamination reaction involving aspartate and alpha-ketoglutarate?
What is the main product of the transamination reaction involving aspartate and alpha-ketoglutarate?
The urea cycle converts ammonium ion to urea in the liver.
The urea cycle converts ammonium ion to urea in the liver.
Name one enzyme involved in the transamination reaction.
Name one enzyme involved in the transamination reaction.
The products of transamination are _____ and glutamate.
The products of transamination are _____ and glutamate.
Match the following processes with their products:
Match the following processes with their products:
Which molecule provides the amino group for the formation of glutamate in a transamination reaction?
Which molecule provides the amino group for the formation of glutamate in a transamination reaction?
Carbamoyl phosphate is formed in the cytoplasm during the reaction of ammonium ion and CO2.
Carbamoyl phosphate is formed in the cytoplasm during the reaction of ammonium ion and CO2.
How much urea does the body typically produce daily for urine formation?
How much urea does the body typically produce daily for urine formation?
What is the product of the urea cycle that is formed from ammonium ion?
What is the product of the urea cycle that is formed from ammonium ion?
The formation of carbamoyl phosphate occurs in the cytosol.
The formation of carbamoyl phosphate occurs in the cytosol.
Which group is transferred to ornithine to form citrulline?
Which group is transferred to ornithine to form citrulline?
During the urea cycle, ______________ is cleaved from argininosuccinate.
During the urea cycle, ______________ is cleaved from argininosuccinate.
Match the following steps of the urea cycle with their corresponding sites:
Match the following steps of the urea cycle with their corresponding sites:
Which energy molecule is used when citrulline combines with aspartate?
Which energy molecule is used when citrulline combines with aspartate?
The urea cycle converts aspartate into glucose.
The urea cycle converts aspartate into glucose.
What accompanies the conversion of 3 ATP during the urea cycle?
What accompanies the conversion of 3 ATP during the urea cycle?
Flashcards
Catabolic Reactions
Catabolic Reactions
Metabolic reactions that break down large molecules into smaller molecules, releasing energy in the process.
Coenzymes
Coenzymes
Substances that assist enzymes in chemical reactions by accepting or donating electrons (H atoms) during oxidation and reduction.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis
A metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP and reducing NAD+ to NADH.
Lactate
Lactate
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Citric Acid Cycle
Citric Acid Cycle
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What bonds with oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle?
What bonds with oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle?
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How is citrate converted back to oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle?
How is citrate converted back to oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle?
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What happens after oxaloacetate is regenerated in the citric acid cycle?
What happens after oxaloacetate is regenerated in the citric acid cycle?
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Succinyl CoA Hydrolysis
Succinyl CoA Hydrolysis
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GTP: A High-Energy Compound
GTP: A High-Energy Compound
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Succinate Dehydrogenation
Succinate Dehydrogenation
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FADH2: A Reduced Electron Carrier
FADH2: A Reduced Electron Carrier
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Fumarate Hydration
Fumarate Hydration
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Malate Dehydrogenation
Malate Dehydrogenation
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NADH + H+: Reduced Electron Carrier
NADH + H+: Reduced Electron Carrier
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Oxaloacetate: The Starting Point
Oxaloacetate: The Starting Point
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Electron Transport
Electron Transport
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Electron Carriers
Electron Carriers
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation
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What does NADH do in electron transport?
What does NADH do in electron transport?
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What does FADH2 do in electron transport?
What does FADH2 do in electron transport?
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ATP Synthase
ATP Synthase
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Proton Motive Force
Proton Motive Force
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What is QH2 and why is it important?
What is QH2 and why is it important?
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F0 Complex
F0 Complex
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What is Complex I?
What is Complex I?
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What is Complex II?
What is Complex II?
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F1 Complex
F1 Complex
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L Site
L Site
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What is coenzyme Q?
What is coenzyme Q?
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T Site
T Site
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O Site
O Site
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Transamination
Transamination
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α-ketoglutarate
α-ketoglutarate
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Pyruvate
Pyruvate
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Glutamate
Glutamate
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Oxidative Deamination
Oxidative Deamination
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Urea Cycle
Urea Cycle
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Carbamoyl Phosphate
Carbamoyl Phosphate
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Urea
Urea
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Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase I
Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase I
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What does carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I do?
What does carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I do?
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Where does carbamoyl phosphate synthesis occur?
Where does carbamoyl phosphate synthesis occur?
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What happens in the urea cycle?
What happens in the urea cycle?
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Reaction 1 of the urea cycle
Reaction 1 of the urea cycle
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What is citrulline?
What is citrulline?
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Reaction 2 of the urea cycle
Reaction 2 of the urea cycle
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What is argininosuccinate?
What is argininosuccinate?
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Study Notes
Metabolic Pathways and Energy Production
- Metabolism encompasses all chemical reactions in cells, breaking down (catabolism) or building (anabolism) molecules.
- A metabolic pathway is a series of linked reactions, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme.
- Pathways can be linear (a series of reactions yielding a final product) or cyclic (reactions regenerate the first reactant).
- Digestion breaks down complex molecules like polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins into smaller components (e.g., glucose, fatty acids, amino acids).
- Cells store energy from food as ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
- Catabolism breaks down large molecules into smaller molecules, releasing energy.
- Anabolism uses ATP energy to build larger molecules.
Stages of Metabolism
- Stage 1: Digestion and hydrolysis. Large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules, which enter the bloodstream.
- Stage 2: Degradation. Molecules are broken down further into two- and three-carbon compounds.
- Stage 3: Oxidation. Small molecules are oxidized in the citric acid cycle and electron transport, producing ATP.
Metabolism and ATP Energy
- Catabolic reactions break down large compounds, producing energy and smaller molecules.
- Anabolic reactions use ATP to synthesize larger molecules consuming energy.
- ATP is crucial for cellular processes like muscle contraction, synthesis of large molecules, sending nerve impulses, and transporting substances across cell membranes.
- The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP releases energy.
- 7.3 kcal/mol is required to convert ADP + P; to ATP.
Coenzymes in Metabolic Pathways
- Oxidation involves the loss of hydrogen atoms, while reduction involves the gain.
- Coenzymes like NAD+ and FAD carry hydrogen ions and electrons from or to the reacting substrate.
- NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is involved in reactions producing carbon-oxygen double bonds.
- FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) participates in reactions forming carbon-carbon double bonds.
Important Nucleotide-Containing Compounds
- ATP is the primary energy currency for cells.
- ATP consists of adenine (nitrogenous base), ribose (sugar), and three phosphate groups.
- Hydrolysis of ATP releases energy (7.3 kcal/mol).
- Hydrolysis of ADP further releases energy.
Mitochondria
- Mitochondria are sausage-shaped organelles.
- Contain outer and inner membranes.
- Inner membrane folds into cristae, increasing surface area.
- The inner membrane is impermeable to most substances.
- The intermembrane space and the matrix are the compartments created by the inner membrane.
Glycolysis
- Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway using glucose to break it down to pyruvate (3C) molecules.
- It is an anaerobic process (occurs without oxygen).
- It takes place in the cytoplasm.
Glycolysis: Energy-Investment Phase
- In reactions 1-5 of glycolysis, energy is required to add phosphate groups to glucose.
- Glucose is converted to two three-carbon molecules.
Glycolysis: Energy-Production Phase
- In reactions 6-10 of glycolysis, energy is generated as sugar phosphates are cleaved to triose phosphates.
- Four ATP molecules are produced for each glucose.
Pathways for Pyruvate
- Pyruvate, under aerobic conditions, is converted to Acetyl CoA, CO2, and NADH in the mitochondria.
- Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to lactate in the cytosol.
- In some microorganisms, pyruvate can be further converted into ethanol through fermentation.
Citric Acid Cycle
- The citric acid cycle (stage 3) operates under aerobic conditions only.
- Oxidizes the two-carbon acetyl group in acetyl-CoA to 2 CO₂.
- Produces reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH₂ and one ATP directly
Electron Transport Chain
- Electron carriers are oxidized and reduced to transfer hydrogen atoms and electrons from NADH and FADH₂ to oxygen.
- Transfers hydrogen ions and electrons, forming water.
- Produces ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
ATP Synthase
- Proton flow through ATP synthase provides energy for ATP synthesis.
- The F₁ complex of ATP synthase turns the subunit (y) as protons flow through F₀.
- The shape (conformation) of the three subunits changes in the process.
ATP from Glucose
- Complete oxidation of glucose yields 32 ATP molecules.
Fatty Acid Activation
- Fatty acid activation occurs in the cytosol.
- A fatty acid combines with CoA and ATP to form fatty acyl-CoA, then combines with carnitine.
Transport of Fatty Acyl-CoA
- Fatty acyl-CoA forms fatty acylcarnitine, which transports the fatty acyl group into the matrix.
- The fatty acyl group recombines with CoA for oxidation.
Summary of Fatty Acid Activation
- Fatty acid activation is complex but it regulates the degradation and synthesis of fatty acids.
Beta-Oxidation of Fatty Acids
- The length of a fatty acid determines the number of acetyl CoA groups produced.
- Reactions involved in the breakdown are dehydrogenation, hydration, and thiolysis.
ATP from Beta-Oxidation
- Activation of a fatty acid requires 2 ATP.
- One cycle of fatty acid Beta-oxidation produces 1 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 Acetyl CoA.
- 1 Acetyl CoA can produce 10 ATP in the citric acid cycle.
Ketogenesis and Ketone Bodies
- Ketogenesis occurs when there is insufficient carbohydrate to meet energy needs.
- Large amounts of acetyl CoA accumulate, leading to the formation of ketone bodies (acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetone).
Transamination
- Amino acids are degraded in the liver to transfer an amino group to an a-keto acid (usually a-ketoglutarate).
Oxidative Deamination
- The amino group is removed from glutamate as an ammonium ion, providing a-ketoglutarate for transamination.
Urea Cycle
- Converts ammonium ions from amino acid degradation to urea in the liver.
- Urea is excreted in the urine.
- The cycle utilizes multiple enzymes and reactions in the mitochondria and cytoplasm.
Fates of the Carbon Atoms from Amino Acids
- Carbon skeletons of amino acids can be used to generate energy by forming intermediates of the citric acid cycle.
- The breakdown products vary; the carbon-skeletons are categorized for their fates as glucogenic or ketogenic.
Glucogenic and Ketogenic Amino Acid
- Glucogenic amino acids generate pyruvate or oxaloacetate to synthesize glucose.
- Ketogenic amino acids generate acetoacetate or acetyl CoA to form ketone bodies or fatty acids.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the Electron Transport Chain, a critical component of cellular respiration. This quiz covers key concepts such as coenzyme Q, NADH oxidation, and ATP synthesis through ATP synthase. Challenge yourself and discover how well you understand these biochemical processes!
