Electron Transport Chain Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the process that occurs in the mitochondria, specifically in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

  • Glycolysis
  • Electron Transport Chain (correct)
  • Krebs Cycle
  • Fermentation

    • Where do NADH and FADH2 drop off their electrons?

  • Coenzyme Q and Cytochrome C
  • Complex I and II (correct)
  • ATP Synthase and Proton Gradient
  • Complex III and IV

    • What is the purpose of the proton gradient?

  • To oxidize glucose
  • To generate ATP through the process of chemiosmosis (correct)
  • To transport electrons through the electron transport chain
  • To synthesize NADH and FADH2

    • How many protons are pumped out by Complex I?

    <p>1 proton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Coenzyme Q?

    <p>To accept electrons from Complex I and II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the byproduct of the electron transport chain?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ATP synthase?

    <p>To synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP are produced from one NADH?

    <p>3 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which ATP is generated in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the electrons from NADH and FADH2 ultimately end up?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Electron Transport Chain

    • The electron transport chain is a process that occurs in the mitochondria, specifically in the inner mitochondrial membrane
    • The process starts with NADH and FADH2, which are produced in the citric acid cycle and oxidative steps of cellular respiration
    • NADH drops off its electrons at Complex I, which then passes them to Coenzyme Q
    • FADH2 drops off its electrons at Complex II, which then passes them to Coenzyme Q

    Complex I (NADH Dehydrogenase)

    • NADH drops off its electrons at Complex I
    • Electrons are passed from NADH to Complex I, which then passes them to Coenzyme Q
    • Complex I pumps protons out of the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space as it accepts electrons

    Complex II (Succinate Dehydrogenase)

    • FADH2 drops off its electrons at Complex II
    • Electrons are passed from FADH2 to Complex II, which then passes them to Coenzyme Q
    • Complex II does not pump protons out of the mitochondrial matrix

    Coenzyme Q (Ubiquinone)

    • Coenzyme Q is a mobile molecule that accepts electrons from Complex I and II
    • Coenzyme Q passes electrons to Complex III

    Complex III (Cytochrome b-c1 Complex)

    • Coenzyme Q passes electrons to Complex III
    • Electrons are passed from Coenzyme Q to Complex III, which then passes them to Cytochrome C
    • Complex III pumps protons out of the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space as it accepts electrons

    Cytochrome C

    • Cytochrome C is a mobile molecule that accepts electrons from Complex III
    • Cytochrome C passes electrons to Complex IV

    Complex IV (Cytochrome c Oxidase)

    • Cytochrome C passes electrons to Complex IV
    • Electrons are passed from Cytochrome C to Complex IV, which then passes them to Oxygen
    • Complex IV pumps protons out of the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space as it accepts electrons

    Proton Gradient

    • The proton gradient is the accumulation of protons in the intermembrane space due to the pumping of protons from Complex I, III, and IV
    • The proton gradient is used to generate ATP through the process of chemiosmosis

    ATP Synthesis

    • ATP synthesis occurs through the process of chemiosmosis
    • Protons move from high concentration in the intermembrane space to low concentration in the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase
    • The movement of protons drives the rotation of the rotor and rod in ATP synthase
    • The rotation of the rotor and rod absorbs potential energy, which is used to drive the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

    ATP Synthase

    • ATP synthase is a complex of proteins that spans the mitochondrial membrane
    • The structure of ATP synthase includes a rotor, rod, catalytic knob, and stat
    • The catalytic knob is where ADP and inorganic phosphate are bound
    • The rotation of the rotor and rod drives the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate### Oxidative Phosphorylation
    • In oxidative phosphorylation, energy from NADH and FADH2 is used to convert ADP and inorganic phosphate to ATP
    • This process occurs through a specific type of phosphorylation

    Electrons and Protons

    • One NADH drops off electrons, which pass through complex 1, Q, complex 3, cytochrome C, and complex 4
    • At complex 1, one proton is pumped out
    • At complex 3, another proton is pumped out
    • At complex 4, a third proton is pumped out, resulting in a total of 3 protons
    • Since 2 electrons are coming from one NADH, this means one NADH gives 3 protons
    • For every proton moving down its concentration gradient, one ATP is produced, so one NADH gives 3 ATP
    • One FADH2 drops off electrons, which pass through complex 2, Q, complex 3, cytochrome C, and complex 4
    • At complex 3, one proton is pumped out
    • At complex 4, another proton is pumped out, resulting in a total of 2 protons
    • Since 2 electrons are coming from one FADH2, this means one FADH2 gives 2 protons, or 2 ATP

    ATP Production

    • Total ATP production from one NADH: 3 ATP
    • Total ATP production from one FADH2: 2 ATP

    Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain

    • From the Krebs cycle:
      • 6 NADH produced (18 ATP)
      • 2 FADH2 produced (4 ATP)
      • 2 ATP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation
    • From the transition step:
      • 2 NADH produced (6 ATP)
    • From glycolysis:
      • 2 NADH produced (6 ATP)
      • 2 ATP produced by anaerobic mechanisms

    Total ATP Production

    • Total ATP production under aerobic conditions: 36 ATP
    • Total ATP production including anaerobic ATP from glycolysis: 38 ATP

    Electron Transport Chain

    • The electron transport chain occurs in the mitochondria's inner membrane.
    • NADH and FADH2, produced in the citric acid cycle and oxidative steps of cellular respiration, start the process.

    Electron Carriers

    • NADH drops off its electrons at Complex I, which passes them to Coenzyme Q.
    • FADH2 drops off its electrons at Complex II, which passes them to Coenzyme Q.
    • Coenzyme Q is a mobile molecule that accepts electrons from Complex I and II and passes them to Complex III.
    • Cytochrome C is a mobile molecule that accepts electrons from Complex III and passes them to Complex IV.

    Proton Pumping

    • Complex I pumps protons out of the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space as it accepts electrons.
    • Complex III pumps protons out of the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space as it accepts electrons.
    • Complex IV pumps protons out of the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space as it accepts electrons.

    Proton Gradient

    • The proton gradient is the accumulation of protons in the intermembrane space due to proton pumping.
    • The proton gradient is used to generate ATP through chemiosmosis.

    ATP Synthesis

    • Protons move from high concentration in the intermembrane space to low concentration in the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase.
    • The movement of protons drives the rotation of the rotor and rod in ATP synthase, producing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

    ATP Synthase

    • ATP synthase is a transmembrane protein complex with a rotor, rod, catalytic knob, and stat.
    • The catalytic knob is where ADP and inorganic phosphate are bound.
    • The rotation of the rotor and rod drives ATP production from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

    Oxidative Phosphorylation

    • Energy from NADH and FADH2 is used to convert ADP and inorganic phosphate to ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

    ATP Production

    • One NADH produces 3 ATP through the electron transport chain.
    • One FADH2 produces 2 ATP through the electron transport chain.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the electron transport chain process in mitochondria, including NADH and FADH2 reactions and Complex I and II mechanisms.

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