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Biochemistry Chapter: Disaccharides and Sugars
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Biochemistry Chapter: Disaccharides and Sugars

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Questions and Answers

What property distinguishes cellulose from starch and glycogen?

  • It is composed of different monosaccharides.
  • It provides significant calories for humans.
  • It is a heteropolysaccharide.
  • It does not twist into compact spirals due to bond orientation. (correct)

    • What is the primary role of enzymes in chemical reactions?

  • To slow down reactions
  • To increase temperature
  • To alter the products
  • To speed up reactions (correct)

    • Cellulose can be digested and provides calories to humans.

    False

    What are the primary components of cellulose?

    <p>Glucose units connected by glycosidic bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are 25 types of amino acids that make up proteins.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the building blocks of proteins?

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cellulose, the orientation of the bond prevents the chains from _____ into compact spirals.

    <p>twisting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An amino acid has a central carbon called the _____ carbon.

    <p>alpha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of polysaccharides with their characteristics:

    <p>Starch = Energy storage in plants Cellulose = Structural component in plants Glycogen = Energy storage in animals Glycosaminoglycans = Linear polymers with amino sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of amino acid side chain with its property:

    <p>Hydrophobic = Repels water Hydrophilic = Attracts water Ambivalent = Partially soluble in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animals can digest cellulose due to specific microorganisms in their guts?

    <p>Termites and cows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heteropolysaccharides consist of only one type of monosaccharide.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond links amino acids together in proteins?

    <p>Peptide bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A dipeptide is formed from three amino acids.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major benefit of cellulose in the human diet?

    <p>It serves as fiber or roughage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the properties of a protein?

    <p>The R group of its amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The long chains of glucose units in starch and glycogen are connected by _____ bonds.

    <p>glycosidic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each protein molecule has an amino terminus and a _____ terminus.

    <p>carboxyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of polysaccharides can be classified into glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids?

    <p>Heteropolysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction occurs when peptide bonds are formed?

    <p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which secondary structure is characterized by a spiral conformation stabilized by hydrogen bonds?

    <p>α-helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prions are a type of DNA that can cause disease.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one disease caused by prions in humans.

    <p>Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The secondary structure known as the ______ involves two or more polypeptide chains lying side by side and cross-linked by hydrogen bonds.

    <p>β-pleated sheet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following diseases with their associated prion:

    <p>Mad Cow Disease = Bovine spongiform encephalopathy CJD = Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Fatal Familial Insomnia = Genetic prion disease Kuru = Infectious prion disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disaccharide is primarily found in milk?

    <p>Lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Maltose consists of two molecules of fructose linked together.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic linkage in maltose?

    <p>α(1,4) glycosidic linkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sucrose is made of ________ and ________.

    <p>α-glucose, β-fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following disaccharides with their descriptions:

    <p>Lactose = Found in milk Maltose = Intermediate product of starch hydrolysis Sucrose = Common table sugar Galactose = Component of lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of lactose intolerance?

    <p>Unpleasant symptoms after ingesting lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The digestion of disaccharides occurs mainly in the stomach.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common treatment for lactose intolerance?

    <p>Eliminating lactose from the diet or enzyme lactase treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of saturated fatty acids?

    <p>Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oils are solid at room temperature.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two basic units that fats and oils contain?

    <p>Glycerol and fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___ fatty acids are characterized by having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds.

    <p>Unsaturated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of fatty acids with their descriptions:

    <p>Saturated fatty acids = Without double bonds Monounsaturated fatty acids = One double bond Polyunsaturated fatty acids = Two or more double bonds Trans fatty acids = Hydrogens on opposite sides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fatty acids is considered monounsaturated?

    <p>Oleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cis configuration is the common orientation for biological unsaturated fatty acids.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one fatty acid that is classified as a short-chain fatty acid.

    <p>Butyric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trans unsaturated fatty acids can be produced synthetically by partial ________ of fats and oils.

    <p>hydrogenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What health effects are associated with trans unsaturated fatty acids?

    <p>Deleterious metabolic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Disaccharides

    • Composed of two monosaccharide units, disaccharides are glycosides prevalent in nature, providing significant dietary energy.
    • Key examples include lactose, maltose, and sucrose, each playing distinct roles in nutrition.
    • Sucrose: Common table sugar, made of α-glucose and β-fructose, produced in plant leaves, serves as energy transport for plants.
    • Maltose: Known as malt sugar, formed by starch hydrolysis, contains α(1,4) glycosidic linkage between two glucose molecules.
    • Lactose: Milk sugar, consists of galactose and glucose linked via a β-glycosidic bond, fundamental for energy in milk.

    Digestion and Absorption

    • Disaccharide digestion is facilitated by enzymes from the small intestine; enzyme deficiency can lead to digestive issues.
    • Carbohydrate absorption mainly occurs in the large intestine, causing osmotic pressure that draws water, potentially leading to diarrhea.
    • Gut bacteria digest disaccharides through fermentation, producing gas that may cause bloating and cramps.
    • Lactose intolerance: Common deficiency in adults, inherited as autosomal recessive, varying dramatically in prevalence across populations (3% in Danes vs. 97% in Thais). Managed by dietary elimination or lactase enzyme treatment.

    Polysaccharides

    • Composed of numerous monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds, resulting in compact structures important for living organisms.
    • Cellulose: Structural component of plant cells, providing strength and rigidity, differing from starch in molecular orientation and bonding, leading to its fibrous quality.
    • Distinct physical properties result from the orientation of glycosidic bonds; starch and glycogen form twisted chains while cellulose remains straight.

    Homopolysaccharides vs. Heteropolysaccharides

    • Homopolysaccharides: Enzymes can break down starch and glycogen, but cellulose is resistant, except in certain organisms (e.g., termites).
    • Heteropolysaccharides: High molecular weight polymers composed of different monosaccharides, categorized into glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.

    Fatty Acids

    • Long chain carboxylic acids, saturated fatty acids feature unbranched linear chains with only single carbon-carbon bonds, maximizing hydrogen atoms.
    • Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, classified as monounsaturated (one double bond) or polyunsaturated (multiple double bonds).
    • Spatial configurations of fatty acids can be cis or trans; the cis configuration is predominant in biological systems, while trans unsaturated fats may have negative health effects.

    Proteins

    • Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, with 20 amino acids forming vast protein diversity.
    • Amino acids are characterized by a central carbon with an amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, and variable R group, influencing protein behavior.
    • Peptide bonds form through condensation reactions, leading to chains with distinct amino and carboxyl termini.
    • Secondary structures: α-helix (spiral formation due to hydrogen bonding) and β-pleated sheet (folds formed by hydrogen bonding between adjacent chains).

    Prions

    • Prions are infectious, misfolded proteins causing transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in mammals, including BSE in cattle and CJD in humans.
    • All prion diseases lead to brain structure abnormalities, are untreatable, and fatal, involving amyloid folds of beta sheets instead of typical alpha helices.

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    Related Documents

    WS 2. Organic compounds of Living Things.pdf

    Description

    This quiz explores the structures and functions of disaccharides, emphasizing their synthesis from monosaccharides like glucose-1-phosphate. Understand the significance of these compounds in human diets and their roles in energy provision. Perfect for students of biochemistry and nutrition.

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