Biochemistry Chapter 5-2: Enzymes & Metabolism
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the sigma factor subunit of RNA polymerase?

  • To catalyze the DNA synthesis
  • To recognize and bind to promoters (correct)
  • To modify histones
  • To initiate RNA translation

    • Replica plating is a technique that is used to increase genetic diversity in prokaryotic studies.

    False

    What technological advancement has significantly impacted the availability of genomic DNA sequences over the past 25 years?

    Next generation sequencing (NGS)

    The process of using RNA-seq is primarily used to analyze __________ expression.

    <p>gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following sequencing technologies with their descriptions:

    <p>Sanger sequencing = Traditional method suitable for small-scale sequencing Illumina sequencing = Next generation technology used for high-throughput sequencing Tn-seq = Technique to study gene function in a high-throughput manner RNA-seq = Method to profile gene expression from RNA samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between chemolithotrophs and chemoorganotrophs in obtaining energy?

    <p>Chemolithotrophs use inorganic compounds, while chemoorganotrophs use organic compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fermentation is a process that requires oxygen to occur.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym LUCA stand for in biological terms?

    <p>Last Universal Common Ancestor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atmospheric oxygen emerged on Earth before the evolution of complex life forms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many protons are approximately required to generate one molecule of ATP using ATP synthase?

    <p>Approximately 3 protons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    E. coli can use __________ as a terminal electron acceptor instead of oxygen.

    <p>nitrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the endosymbiotic theory?

    <p>The endosymbiotic theory suggests that certain organelles, like mitochondria and chloroplasts, originated from free-living bacteria that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microbes are known to influence our lives in numerous ways, including improving __________ and producing products like cheese.

    <p>waste management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each process of fermentation with its primary product:

    <p>Lactic acid fermentation = Lactic acid Ethanol fermentation = Ethanol Acetic acid fermentation = Acetic acid Butyric acid fermentation = Butyric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following taxonomic ranks with their definitions:

    <p>Domain = The highest taxonomic rank Kingdom = Second highest rank, grouping organisms with fundamental similarities Phylum = Groups organisms based on major body plans or organization Species = The most specific rank, referring to individual organisms that can interbreed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a taxonomic rank?

    <p>Arrangment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Carl Linnaeus in taxonomy?

    <p>Carl Linnaeus is known for establishing the binomial nomenclature system for naming organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Naming conventions for microbes require both the genus and species names to be written in italics.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique structure is produced by certain archaea that allows them to adhere to surfaces?

    <p>Hamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudomurein is the same as peptidoglycan, and both are found in bacterial cell walls.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does LECA stand for and what is its significance in evolutionary biology?

    <p>Last Eukaryotic Common Ancestor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In eukaryotic cells, the _____ is responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration.

    <p>mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of algae to their primary characteristics:

    <p>Green algae = Photosynthetic and mainly freshwater Red algae = Typically found in marine environments Brown algae = Known for large structures like kelp Dinoflagellates = Single-celled, some are bioluminescent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the flagella of bacteria and the archaella of archaea?

    <p>Archaella are more structurally similar to eukaryotic flagella than bacterial flagella.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Asgard archaea have been found to be related to the evolution of eukaryotes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one major feature of microbial fungi that contributes to their relevance in society.

    <p>Decomposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes organisms that obtain energy from organic compounds?

    <p>Chemoorganotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ATP is the only type of high-energy bond found in microbial cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define metabolism.

    <p>The set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a redox reaction, the substance being ____ loses electrons and becomes oxidized.

    <p>oxidized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following metabolic terms with their definitions:

    <p>Anabolism = Building up molecules and storing energy Catabolism = Breaking down molecules and releasing energy Phototroph = Organisms that obtain energy from sunlight Chemotroph = Organisms that obtain energy from chemical compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly explains the difference between standard Gibbs free energy (DGo') and actual free energy (DG)?

    <p>DGo' is measured under standard conditions, while DG is the energy available under specific conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxygen is a poor electron acceptor that provides little metabolic advantage to aerobic microbes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do electron carrier molecules like NAD+/NADH play in cells?

    <p>They facilitate redox reactions and capture energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the term 'opportunistic pathogen'?

    <p>A pathogen that takes advantage of a host with weakened defenses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inflammation is always beneficial to the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mucous membrane and what role does it play in infections?

    <p>A mucous membrane is a protective layer that lines various body cavities and secretes mucus, which traps pathogens and facilitates their removal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The organism that caused the Black Death was __________.

    <p>Yersinia pestis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the virulence factor with its description:

    <p>Type III Secretion Systems = Injects proteins into host cells to manipulate their functions Exotoxins = Proteins secreted by bacteria that damage host tissues Adhesins = Molecules that help pathogens attach to host cells Extracellular enzymes = Break down host tissues to facilitate invasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding bacterial exotoxins is TRUE?

    <p>Exotoxins can cause damage to host cells through various mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phytopathogens specifically target animal hosts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an invasive infection?

    <p>An invasive infection occurs when pathogens penetrate host tissues and multiply within them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Objectives

    • Understand the importance of enzymes in dictating chemical reactions within cells
    • Understand how enzymes affect activation energy and reaction rate
    • Describe the mechanisms by which enzymes lower activation energy
    • Explain competitive inhibition, allosteric inhibition, and allosteric activation
    • Describe how feedback inhibition works and its use in efficient resource use

    Lecture 5-2: Energetics & Redox Reactions

    • Explain the importance of microbial metabolism in life
    • List and describe requirements for all life from a metabolic perspective
    • Explain the need for different nutrients for microbes
    • Describe the central role of ATP in metabolism
    • Explain the role of other high energy bonds in microbial cells (e.g., PEP) and how this energy is used similarly to ATP hydrolysis
    • Define and describe metabolism, anabolism, catabolism, phototrophs, chemotrophs, chemoorganotrophs, chemolithotrophs, autotrophs, and heterotrophs
    • Describe how Gibbs free energy applies to chemical reactions, and the difference between standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) and actual free energy (ΔG) for a reaction

    Lecture 5-3: Catabolism in Chemoorganotrophs

    • Explain how cells generate ATP
    • Understand the differences between methods of ATP generation
    • Describe the multi-step approach of releasing energy from organic molecules
    • Describe the basic function of glycolysis, results, and overall reaction
    • Explain how ATP is generated using glycolysis
    • Explain why glycolysis must be coupled with other metabolic processes for sustained energy production

    Lecture 5-4: Chemolithotrophs & Phototrophs

    • Describe similarities and differences between chemolithotrophs and chemoorganotrophs
    • Explain how H₂ is used to power metabolism (ATP and reducing power)
    • Describe electron donors used by chemoorganotrophs
    • Explain photophosphorylation and its differences from oxidative phosphorylation
    • Describe chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll, their functions, and chemical properties
    • Describe photosynthetic reaction centers and antenna pigments
    • Describe cyclic anoxygenic phototrophy
    • Describe oxygenic phototrophy and the electron donors/acceptors involved

    Lecture 5-5: Biosynthesis

    • Summarize the Calvin cycle, its function, and first reaction
    • Explain nitrogen fixation and its mechanism
    • Describe important roles of glutamate and glutamine in nitrogen use by cells
    • Summarize how cells produce sugars
    • Summarize fatty acid/lipid production
    • Summarize nucleotide synthesis

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the significant role of enzymes in biochemical reactions and their effect on activation energy and reaction rates. It also covers the fundamentals of microbial metabolism, including ATP's central role and various metabolic processes. Test your understanding of these concepts to strengthen your knowledge in biochemistry.

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