16 Questions
What is the product of oxidation when a weak oxidizing agent like bromine water acts on the aldehyde group of glucose?
Gluconic acid
What is the result of oxidation when a moderate oxidizing agent like hydrogen peroxide acts on the primary alcoholic group of glucose?
Glucouronic acid
What occurs when concentrated nitric acid acts on both the aldehyde and the primary alcoholic groups of galactose?
Galactaric acid
What is the product of reduction when mannose reacts with reducing reagents?
Mannitol
What is the reduction product of fructose when it reacts with reducing reagents?
Sorbitol
What is the mixture formed when fructose undergoes reduction by means of reducing reagents?
Mixture of Sorbitol and Mannitol
What is the definition of an oligosaccharide?
A sugar that yields 2 to 10 monosaccharides on hydrolysis
Which of the following is a trisaccharide?
Raffinose
What is the composition of sucrose?
α-D glucose and β-D fructose units
Which polysaccharide serves as the main carbohydrate reserve in plants?
Starch
Where is glycogen mainly stored in humans and animals?
In liver and muscle cells
How can polysaccharides be broken down into smaller molecules?
Through hydrolysis by adding diluted acid or through enzymatic action
What is the main carbohydrate reserve in animals and yeast?
Glycogen
What is the composition of lactose?
$\beta$-D galactose and $\beta$-D glucose units
What is the structure of maltose?
$\alpha$-D glucose and $\alpha$-D glucose units
Which of the following is not a common characteristic of polysaccharides?
Taste sweetness.
Study Notes
Oxidation of Glucose
- When a weak oxidizing agent like bromine water acts on the aldehyde group of glucose, the product of oxidation is gluconic acid.
- When a moderate oxidizing agent like hydrogen peroxide acts on the primary alcoholic group of glucose, the result of oxidation is gluconic acid and glucose-1-phosphate.
Oxidation of Galactose
- When concentrated nitric acid acts on both the aldehyde and the primary alcoholic groups of galactose, the oxidation products are gluconic acid and galacturonic acid.
Reduction of Mannose and Fructose
- When mannose reacts with reducing reagents, the product of reduction is mannitol.
- When fructose reacts with reducing reagents, the reduction products are sorbitol and a mixture of sorbitol and mannitol.
Oligosaccharides
- An oligosaccharide is a carbohydrate composed of 2-10 monosaccharide units.
- Raffinose is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose units.
Composition of Sucrose and Lactose
- Sucrose is composed of glucose and fructose units.
- Lactose is composed of glucose and galactose units.
Polysaccharides
- The main carbohydrate reserve in plants is starch.
- Glycogen is mainly stored in the liver and muscles in humans and animals.
- Polysaccharides can be broken down into smaller molecules through hydrolysis.
- Glycogen is the main carbohydrate reserve in animals and yeast.
- Polysaccharides are typically non-sweet, insoluble in water, and do not have a sweet taste, unlike monosaccharides.
This quiz covers the chemical reactions of monosaccharides, including reduction and oxidation processes. Presented by Dr. Michael Mounir from the Faculty of Science at Helwan University.
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