16 Questions
What is the empirical formula of carbohydrates when n = 5?
C5H10O5
Which group can a monosaccharide contain in addition to hydroxyl groups?
Aldehyde group
What is the classification of carbohydrates with 9 or 10 monosaccharide units?
Oligosaccharides
What are the most important types of polysaccharides?
Homopolysaccharides
Which of the following is the simplest aldose?
D-glyceraldehyde
How are monosaccharides classified based on the number of carbon atoms?
Using a variable prefix followed by the suffix (-ose)
What determines whether a sugar belongs to the D or L series?
The orientation of -OH and -H groups around the terminal primary alcohol carbon
Which isomerism is conferred by the presence of asymmetric carbon atoms?
Optical isomerism
What does epimerism refer to in monosaccharides?
Isomers differing as a result of variations in configuration of the -OH and -H on carbon atoms 2, 3, or 4
What confers optical activity on monosaccharides?
The number of asymmetric carbon atoms
Which sugar naturally occurs in L form?
Arabinose
What is used to determine the designation of a sugar isomer as the D form or its mirror image as the L form?
Spatial relationship to the parent compound of carbohydrates
Which monosaccharides are most commonly found in mammals?
D sugars
What produces epimers in monosaccharides?
Variations in configuration on carbon atoms 2, 3, or 4
Which sugar is dextrorotatory in solution?
Glucose
What are the differences between D and L isomers determined by?
Orientation of -OH and -H groups around a specific carbon atom
Study Notes
Carbohydrates
- The empirical formula of carbohydrates is (CH2O)n, and when n = 5, the formula is C5H10O5.
Monosaccharides
- In addition to hydroxyl groups, monosaccharides can contain an aldehyde or keto group.
- Monosaccharides with 9 or 10 units are classified as oligosaccharides.
Classification of Monosaccharides
- Monosaccharides are classified based on the number of carbon atoms: trioses (3C), tetroses (4C), pentoses (5C), hexoses (6C), and so on.
- The simplest aldose is glyceraldehyde.
Stereochemistry of Monosaccharides
- The presence of asymmetric carbon atoms confers optical activity on monosaccharides.
- Epimerism refers to the isomerism that results from the change in configuration of a single asymmetric carbon atom in a monosaccharide.
- The designation of a sugar isomer as D or L is determined by the Fischer projection method.
Naturally Occurring Sugars
- Fructose naturally occurs in the L form.
- The most commonly found monosaccharides in mammals are glucose, galactose, and fructose.
Properties of Sugars
- D-glucose is dextrorotatory in solution.
- The differences between D and L isomers are determined by their optical activity.
Learn about the general characteristics of carbohydrates, their composition, and abundance in nature in this lecture by Dr. Michael Mounir from the Faculty of Science at Helwan University.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
