Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the empirical formula of carbohydrates when n = 5?
What is the empirical formula of carbohydrates when n = 5?
Which group can a monosaccharide contain in addition to hydroxyl groups?
Which group can a monosaccharide contain in addition to hydroxyl groups?
What is the classification of carbohydrates with 9 or 10 monosaccharide units?
What is the classification of carbohydrates with 9 or 10 monosaccharide units?
What are the most important types of polysaccharides?
What are the most important types of polysaccharides?
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Which of the following is the simplest aldose?
Which of the following is the simplest aldose?
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How are monosaccharides classified based on the number of carbon atoms?
How are monosaccharides classified based on the number of carbon atoms?
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What determines whether a sugar belongs to the D or L series?
What determines whether a sugar belongs to the D or L series?
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Which isomerism is conferred by the presence of asymmetric carbon atoms?
Which isomerism is conferred by the presence of asymmetric carbon atoms?
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What does epimerism refer to in monosaccharides?
What does epimerism refer to in monosaccharides?
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What confers optical activity on monosaccharides?
What confers optical activity on monosaccharides?
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Which sugar naturally occurs in L form?
Which sugar naturally occurs in L form?
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What is used to determine the designation of a sugar isomer as the D form or its mirror image as the L form?
What is used to determine the designation of a sugar isomer as the D form or its mirror image as the L form?
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Which monosaccharides are most commonly found in mammals?
Which monosaccharides are most commonly found in mammals?
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What produces epimers in monosaccharides?
What produces epimers in monosaccharides?
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Which sugar is dextrorotatory in solution?
Which sugar is dextrorotatory in solution?
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What are the differences between D and L isomers determined by?
What are the differences between D and L isomers determined by?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrates
- The empirical formula of carbohydrates is (CH2O)n, and when n = 5, the formula is C5H10O5.
Monosaccharides
- In addition to hydroxyl groups, monosaccharides can contain an aldehyde or keto group.
- Monosaccharides with 9 or 10 units are classified as oligosaccharides.
Classification of Monosaccharides
- Monosaccharides are classified based on the number of carbon atoms: trioses (3C), tetroses (4C), pentoses (5C), hexoses (6C), and so on.
- The simplest aldose is glyceraldehyde.
Stereochemistry of Monosaccharides
- The presence of asymmetric carbon atoms confers optical activity on monosaccharides.
- Epimerism refers to the isomerism that results from the change in configuration of a single asymmetric carbon atom in a monosaccharide.
- The designation of a sugar isomer as D or L is determined by the Fischer projection method.
Naturally Occurring Sugars
- Fructose naturally occurs in the L form.
- The most commonly found monosaccharides in mammals are glucose, galactose, and fructose.
Properties of Sugars
- D-glucose is dextrorotatory in solution.
- The differences between D and L isomers are determined by their optical activity.
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Description
Learn about the general characteristics of carbohydrates, their composition, and abundance in nature in this lecture by Dr. Michael Mounir from the Faculty of Science at Helwan University.
