Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the empirical formula of carbohydrates when n = 5?
What is the empirical formula of carbohydrates when n = 5?
- C3H6O3
- C4H8O4
- C6H12O6
- C5H10O5 (correct)
Which group can a monosaccharide contain in addition to hydroxyl groups?
Which group can a monosaccharide contain in addition to hydroxyl groups?
- Ester group
- Amine group
- Aldehyde group (correct)
- Carboxyl group
What is the classification of carbohydrates with 9 or 10 monosaccharide units?
What is the classification of carbohydrates with 9 or 10 monosaccharide units?
- Polysaccharides
- Monosaccharides
- Oligosaccharides (correct)
- Disaccharides
What are the most important types of polysaccharides?
What are the most important types of polysaccharides?
Which of the following is the simplest aldose?
Which of the following is the simplest aldose?
How are monosaccharides classified based on the number of carbon atoms?
How are monosaccharides classified based on the number of carbon atoms?
What determines whether a sugar belongs to the D or L series?
What determines whether a sugar belongs to the D or L series?
Which isomerism is conferred by the presence of asymmetric carbon atoms?
Which isomerism is conferred by the presence of asymmetric carbon atoms?
What does epimerism refer to in monosaccharides?
What does epimerism refer to in monosaccharides?
What confers optical activity on monosaccharides?
What confers optical activity on monosaccharides?
Which sugar naturally occurs in L form?
Which sugar naturally occurs in L form?
What is used to determine the designation of a sugar isomer as the D form or its mirror image as the L form?
What is used to determine the designation of a sugar isomer as the D form or its mirror image as the L form?
Which monosaccharides are most commonly found in mammals?
Which monosaccharides are most commonly found in mammals?
What produces epimers in monosaccharides?
What produces epimers in monosaccharides?
Which sugar is dextrorotatory in solution?
Which sugar is dextrorotatory in solution?
What are the differences between D and L isomers determined by?
What are the differences between D and L isomers determined by?
Study Notes
Carbohydrates
- The empirical formula of carbohydrates is (CH2O)n, and when n = 5, the formula is C5H10O5.
Monosaccharides
- In addition to hydroxyl groups, monosaccharides can contain an aldehyde or keto group.
- Monosaccharides with 9 or 10 units are classified as oligosaccharides.
Classification of Monosaccharides
- Monosaccharides are classified based on the number of carbon atoms: trioses (3C), tetroses (4C), pentoses (5C), hexoses (6C), and so on.
- The simplest aldose is glyceraldehyde.
Stereochemistry of Monosaccharides
- The presence of asymmetric carbon atoms confers optical activity on monosaccharides.
- Epimerism refers to the isomerism that results from the change in configuration of a single asymmetric carbon atom in a monosaccharide.
- The designation of a sugar isomer as D or L is determined by the Fischer projection method.
Naturally Occurring Sugars
- Fructose naturally occurs in the L form.
- The most commonly found monosaccharides in mammals are glucose, galactose, and fructose.
Properties of Sugars
- D-glucose is dextrorotatory in solution.
- The differences between D and L isomers are determined by their optical activity.
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Description
Learn about the general characteristics of carbohydrates, their composition, and abundance in nature in this lecture by Dr. Michael Mounir from the Faculty of Science at Helwan University.
