BIO152 Exam 1 Review
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of carbohydrates?

  • They can serve as structural support in organisms.
  • They are hydrophobic in nature. (correct)
  • They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
  • They can be used for long-term energy storage.

    • Which type of lipid is responsible for storing fat in animals?

  • Cholesterol
  • Triglycerides (correct)
  • Steroids
  • Phospholipids

    • What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

  • Saturated fatty acids have double bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids do not.
  • Unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature, while saturated fatty acids are solid.
  • Saturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature, while unsaturated fatty acids are solid.
  • Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds between carbon atoms, while saturated fatty acids do not. (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins?

    <p>Storing genetic information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the enzyme site in an active site?

    <p>It binds to the substrate and facilitates the chemical reaction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an anabolic reaction?

    <p>The synthesis of proteins from amino acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a monosaccharide and a polysaccharide?

    <p>A monosaccharide is a simple sugar, while a polysaccharide is a complex carbohydrate made up of many sugar units. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of phospholipids?

    <p>Forming the basis of cell membranes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cholesterol in animal cell membranes?

    <p>To increase membrane fluidity at low temperatures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport?

    <p>Active transport requires energy, while facilitated diffusion does not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of protein transporter facilitates the movement of multiple molecules in the same direction across a membrane?

    <p>Symporter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a cell placed in a hypertonic solution?

    <p>The cell will shrink and become crenated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the endomembrane system in a eukaryotic cell?

    <p>To regulate the movement of materials within the cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell?

    <p>To produce energy through cellular respiration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of aquaporins?

    <p>To transport water across the membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an allosteric inhibitor affect enzyme activity?

    <p>It binds to a site away from the active site, changing the enzyme's shape and reducing its activity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a competitive inhibitor?

    <p>It changes the shape of the enzyme and its active site. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

    <p>It regulates the fluidity and permeability of the membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following molecules would have the easiest time crossing a cell membrane?

    <p>A small, hydrophobic molecule like oxygen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a way that enzyme activity can be inhibited?

    <p>Increasing the concentration of substrate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in terms of their impact on membrane fluidity?

    <p>Saturated fatty acids make the membrane less fluid, while unsaturated fatty acids make it more fluid. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do cells need transport proteins to move certain molecules across their membranes?

    <p>Transport proteins create channels that allow molecules to bypass the phospholipid bilayer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a metabolic pathway?

    <p>Both A and B are examples of metabolic pathways. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Biological Molecule

    A molecule with a carbon backbone found in living things.

    Carbohydrates

    Biological molecules made of CH2O, used for energy.

    Lipids

    Hydrophobic molecules, mainly hydrocarbons for storage and structure.

    Proteins

    Made of CHON and amino acids; crucial for structure and function.

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    Nucleic Acids

    Biological molecules (like DNA and RNA) composed of nucleotides.

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    Metabolism

    The sum of all chemical reactions within a cell.

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    Anabolic Reactions

    Building larger molecules, requiring energy input.

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    Enzymes

    Proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions by lowering activation energy.

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    Fluidity

    Movement of molecules within a membrane, affected by cholesterol and temperature.

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    Passive Transport

    Movement of molecules across a membrane without energy input, includes diffusion and facilitated transport.

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    Diffusion

    Movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached.

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    Facilitated Diffusion

    Process of transporting molecules across a membrane with the help of transport proteins, down their concentration gradient.

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    Osmosis

    The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, moving towards higher solute concentration.

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    Tonicity

    The relative concentration of solutes in solutions, affecting cell volume; includes hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions.

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    Endomembrane System

    A network of membranes in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins.

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    Protein Transporters

    Membrane proteins that facilitate the movement of ions and molecules across the cell membrane, includes uniporters, symporters, and antiporters.

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    Catalytic site

    Site on an enzyme where substrates bind and reactions occur, reducing activation energy.

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    Induced fit model

    Theory that an enzyme changes shape upon substrate binding, enhancing catalysis.

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    Activation

    Process of making an enzyme functional by substrate binding or changes in form.

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    Inhibition

    When molecules block an enzyme's activity by occupying active sites or altering shape.

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    Competitive inhibitor

    Molecule that competes directly with the substrate for the active site on an enzyme.

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    Metabolic pathway

    Series of interconnected reactions where the product of one reaction is the substrate for the next.

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    Phospholipids

    Molecules that form the basis of cell membranes, having hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

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    Permeability

    The ease with which substances can pass through a membrane.

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    Study Notes

    BIO152 Exam 1 Review

    • Biological Molecules: Living things have a carbon backbone.

      • Carbohydrates: (CH₂O)n, hydrophilic. Include monosaccharides (single sugar), disaccharides (two sugars), and polysaccharides (many sugars). Function in energy storage (starch, glycogen) and structural support (chitin).
      • Lipids: (CH₂)n, hydrophobic and neutral. Include saturated (straight chains) and unsaturated (kinked chains) fatty acids. Triglycerides store fat, phospholipids form cell membranes, and cholesterol/steroids have four distinct C-H rings with unique side chains, vital for cell membrane fluidity/permeability, ATP production, and signaling.
      • Proteins: CHON + R group. Made of amino acids (polypeptide chains). One chain forms a tertiary structure, while two or more chains form a quaternary structure. Functions include enzymes, receptors, structural components, and transport.
      • Nucleic Acids: CHONP. Nucleotide monomers with phosphate, 5-carbon sugar, and nitrogenous base (ATCG). Examples are DNA, RNA, and ATP.

    • Metabolism: Sum of chemical reactions in a cell.

      • Anabolic Reactions: Build bigger molecules, raising free energy.
      • Catabolic Reactions: Break down molecules, lowering free energy.
      • Enzymes: Lower activation energy. Have active sites where substrates bind and catalytic sites to reduce chemical activation energy. Enzymes have binding sites, and induced fit models adjust shape upon substrate binding. Allosteric binding occurs at a site other than the active site that influences enzyme behavior. Inhibitors hinder activity (competitive vs. allosteric) and other factors like cofactors, environmental conditions impact enzyme activity.

    • Cell Membranes: Separate intracellular and extracellular environments; selectively permeable.

      • Phospholipids: Amphipathic; hydrophilic head (phosphate group) and hydrophobic tails (fatty acids). Saturated = less fluid, Unsaturated = more fluid.
      • Membrane Proteins: Transport, receptor, peripheral (surface).
      • Permeability: Ease of molecule movement across membrane. Water has low permeability, requiring aquaporins.
      • Fluidity: Cholesterol regulates fluidity in animal cells. Increased/decreased temperature effects fluidity.
      • Aqueous Environment: Primarily water with dissolved solutes; gradients drive diffusion and other transport processes.
      • Passive Transport: Doesn't require cellular energy. Includes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion.
      • Active Transport: Requires energy to move molecules across gradients (against their concentration gradient).

    • Transport Across Cell Membranes:

      • Protein Transporters: Uniporters, symporters, and antiporters assist specific or multiple molecules in transport.
      • Osmosis: Net movement of water across a membrane. Hypertonic (higher concentration of solute), Hypotonic (lower concentration of solute), Isotonic solutions have balanced concentration. Cell responses vary depending on solutions.

    • Eukaryotic Cells: Include organelles like the endomembrane system and cytoskeleton (microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments), creating compartments for carrying out functions effectively. The plasma membrane and other structures define their internal systems.

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    BIO152 Exam 1 Review Sheet PDF

    Description

    Prepare for your BIO152 Exam 1 with this comprehensive review covering key concepts in biological molecules. Learn about carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, including their structures and functions. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of the essential components of life.

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