BIO152 Exam 1 Review Sheet PDF

lOMoARcPSD|46808047 BIO152 Exam 1 Review Sheet Prin Of Biology II (University of Kentucky) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Kara Richie ([email protected]) ...

lOMoARcPSD|46808047 BIO152 Exam 1 Review Sheet Prin Of Biology II (University of Kentucky) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Kara Richie ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46808047 BIO152 Exam 1 Review Sheet I. Biological molecule – living thing, 2+ carbon backbone a. Carbohydrates: CH2O, hydrophilic i. Monosaccharides = one monomer/glucose, disaccharide = 2 monosac./sucrose, polysaccharide = many/starch ii. Long-term energy storage (starch, glycogen), ATP production (glucose), structural support (chitin) b. Lipids: CH2 (hydrocarbon chains), hydrophobic, neutral i. Saturated = carbons have max hydrogens, forms straight chains ii. Unsaturated = carbons double bond with each other, forms kinked chains iii. Triglyceride = storage of fat in animals, 3 fatty acids + glycerol iv. Phospholipid = basis of cell membranes, 2 fatty acids tails + phosphate v. Cholesterol/steroids = four distinct C-H rings with unique side chains 1. Cell membrane fluidity/permeability vi. Gives cells structure (membranes), ATP production (fatty acids), signaling c. Proteins: CHON + R group i. Monomers = amino acids (polypeptide chain) 1. one chain = tertiary structure, 2+ = quaternary structure 2. enzymes, receptors, structure, transport, contractions, tension d. Nucleic acids: CHONP, hydrophilic i. Nucleotide monomers, 3 subunits: phosphate group (-), 5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base (ATCG) ii. Includes DNA, RNA, ATP (complex polymer) II. Metabolism = sum of chemical reactions in a cell a. Anabolic (net input) + catabolic (net production) = metabolism i. Anabolic= building bigger molecules, raises free energy ii. Catabolic= breaking down into smaller molecules, lowers free energy b. Enzymes = lower activation energy, “-ase” i. Active side= where substrate interacts with enzyme 1. Binding site- bind and orient substrates 2. Catalytic site- reduce chemical activation energy ii. Induced fit model- enzyme changes shape when substrate binds, becomes activated iii. Activation: binding of substrate, binding of allosteric activators, conversion from pre-enzyme to active form iv. Inhibition: other molecules block active site, allosteric inhibitors, not enough cofactors, bad environmental conditions v. Allosteric binding: binds not at active site and influences activity vi. Competitive inhibitor: binds to and competes with active site c. Metabolic pathway: multiple chemical reactions in series i. Intermediate: molecules formed during reaction that aren’t substrate or final product III. Cell Membranes a. Plasma membranes separate intracellular/extracellular, selectively permeable b. Phospholipids- foundation/limit movement, proteins- transport, cholesterol- fluidity/permeability, carbs- cell identification/attachment to neighbor cells i. Phospholipids are amphipathic (two heads/distinct regions) 1. Hydrophilic head a. Phosphate group, negatively charged, polar glycerol 2. Hydrophobic tail a. Fatty acids, neutral i. Saturated= less fluid ii. Unsaturated= more fluid ii. Proteins: 1. Transport-moves small molecules across membrane 2. Receptor- binds/receives molecule messages 3. Peripheral- can be moved, sits on surface Downloaded by Kara Richie ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46808047 4. Integral- cannot be removed, spans across membrane c. Permeability: how easily a molecule can move across a membrane i. Water has low permeability on its own, needs aquaporins ii. Easy: small molecules, hydrophobic, neutral, lots of transporters iii. Hard: large molecules, hydrophilic, charged, polar, H +, glucose, competition, closed gates d. Fluidity: movement of molecules within the membrane i. Animal membrane – cholesterol ii. Low temps: keeps fatty acids from packing together iii. High temps: interacts with phosphate heads/prevents them from moving too freely iv. OH = hydrophilic, rings=hydrophobic v. Cholesterol plugs spaces between phospholipids e. Aqueous= mostly water/solvents, solute=molecules i. Concentration = mass solute/volume solvent 1. Gradient= difference, usually have a small gradient ii. Passive transport: no additional energy added 1. Facilitated transport: needs help (active/passive) 2. Active transport: consumes cellular energy, pushes against gradient, creates/maintains differences iii. Diffusion: higher to lower concentrations, all molecules moving 1. Simple diffusion: directly slip through with no help 2. Facilitated diffusion: uses protein transporter, solute moving down concentration gradient f. Protein transporters: i. Uniporters- single type of molecule ii. Symporters-multiple in same direction iii. Antiporters-multiple in opposite directions g. Osmosis: net diffusion of water i. Predicted by concentrations ii. Water goes from more water/less solute to less water/more solute through aquaporins h. Tonicity: relative movement of water across a membrane and its effect on the volume of a cell i. Hypertonic: not enough water, crenated ii. Hypotonic: too much water, lysed (when it bursts) iii. Isotonic: normal iv. Plants only: 1. Plasmolyze: cell volume decreased; membrane pulls off cell wall 2. Turgid: cell volume increased, membrane pushes against cell wall IV. Eukaryotic Cells: membrane-bound compartments, uses oxygen/produces ATP, mitochondria/chloroplasts, chromosomes/linear DNA, sexual reproduction a. Endomembrane system: exchange material between intracellular structures within a eukaryotic cell b. Cytoskeletons: allow for larger, membrane-bound sacs to be moved across membrane i. Intermediate filaments: glue, holds things in place ii. Microtubules (tubulin): roadways, chromosome movement iii. Microfilaments (actin): stiff, give shape Downloaded by Kara Richie ([email protected])