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Questions and Answers
What distinguishes a protist from a bacterium?
What distinguishes a protist from a bacterium?
- Protists cannot perform photosynthesis.
- Protists lack a nucleus.
- Protists are eukaryotic and contain a nucleus. (correct)
- Protists are prokaryotic organisms.
What role did smaller prokaryotic cells play in the endosymbiotic theory?
What role did smaller prokaryotic cells play in the endosymbiotic theory?
- They evolved into the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
- They acted as hosts for larger cells.
- They became organelles of the host cells. (correct)
- They provided structural support to bacteria.
Which of the following provides evidence for the endosymbiotic theory?
Which of the following provides evidence for the endosymbiotic theory?
- Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA similar to bacterial DNA. (correct)
- The shape of mitochondria is similar to that of animal cells.
- Chloroplasts can only exist in plant cells.
- Mitochondria and chloroplasts lack DNA.
What did larger prokaryotic cells gain from their symbiotic relationship with smaller cells?
What did larger prokaryotic cells gain from their symbiotic relationship with smaller cells?
What specialized function did the aerobic bacteria have in the context of the endosymbiotic theory?
What specialized function did the aerobic bacteria have in the context of the endosymbiotic theory?
Which statement about the origins of eukaryotic cells is accurate?
Which statement about the origins of eukaryotic cells is accurate?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory?
What is the significance of the endosymbiotic theory in relation to the evolution of eukaryotes?
What is the significance of the endosymbiotic theory in relation to the evolution of eukaryotes?
Why are protists considered important in the study of evolution?
Why are protists considered important in the study of evolution?
What process is used for the production of new mitochondria and chloroplasts?
What process is used for the production of new mitochondria and chloroplasts?
Which of the following statements about protists is accurate?
Which of the following statements about protists is accurate?
What distinguishes ingestive protists from absorptive protists?
What distinguishes ingestive protists from absorptive protists?
What is a common characteristic of the motility of protists?
What is a common characteristic of the motility of protists?
What occurs during the complex life cycle of the protist Spirogyra?
What occurs during the complex life cycle of the protist Spirogyra?
What is a characteristic habitat of most protists?
What is a characteristic habitat of most protists?
How can protists obtain food?
How can protists obtain food?
What happens to spores produced by Spirogyra under stressful conditions?
What happens to spores produced by Spirogyra under stressful conditions?
What type of reproduction is most commonly observed in many protists?
What type of reproduction is most commonly observed in many protists?
Which of the following best describes the endosymbiotic theory related to protists?
Which of the following best describes the endosymbiotic theory related to protists?
Simple protists have a nucleus in their cells.
Simple protists have a nucleus in their cells.
Chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells evolved from endosymbionts that were anaerobic bacteria.
Chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells evolved from endosymbionts that were anaerobic bacteria.
The circular DNA found in mitochondria is similar to the DNA found in eukaryotic cell nuclei.
The circular DNA found in mitochondria is similar to the DNA found in eukaryotic cell nuclei.
According to the endosymbiotic theory, the first eukaryotic cells arose from a relationship between multiple prokaryotic cells.
According to the endosymbiotic theory, the first eukaryotic cells arose from a relationship between multiple prokaryotic cells.
Mitochondria have their own plasma membranes that are different from bacterial membranes.
Mitochondria have their own plasma membranes that are different from bacterial membranes.
New mitochondria and chloroplasts are produced through a process called binary fission.
New mitochondria and chloroplasts are produced through a process called binary fission.
All protists are multicellular organisms.
All protists are multicellular organisms.
Spirogyra primarily reproduces through sexual reproduction.
Spirogyra primarily reproduces through sexual reproduction.
Ingestive protists engulf food particles using their cell membrane.
Ingestive protists engulf food particles using their cell membrane.
Most protists are found in dry environments and do not require moisture to survive.
Most protists are found in dry environments and do not require moisture to survive.
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Study Notes
Differences between Bacteria and Simple Protists
- Protists are eukaryotic organisms with a nucleus in each cell, unlike bacteria which are prokaryotic.
- Simple protists such as Paramecium and amoeba share some similarities with bacteria.
Evolution of Protists
- Protists are considered the oldest eukaryotes and likely evolved from prokaryotic cells.
- The endosymbiotic theory explains the evolution of eukaryotic cells as a result of mutualistic relationships between prokaryotic cells.
Endosymbiotic Theory
- The first eukaryotic cells emerged when smaller prokaryotic cells (endosymbionts) were engulfed by larger prokaryotic cells (hosts).
- Endosymbionts received protection and nutrients, while host cells gained organic molecules and energy.
- Over time, endosymbionts evolved into essential organelles:
- Aerobic bacteria became mitochondria, providing energy.
- Cyanobacteria evolved into chloroplasts, enabling photosynthesis.
Evidence for the Endosymbiotic Theory
- Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA, similar to bacterial DNA.
- They possess double membranes that resemble bacterial membranes.
- They replicate similarly to bacteria through binary fission.
- The internal structure and biochemistry of chloroplasts are akin to cyanobacteria.
Characteristics of Protists
- All protists have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.
- Most protists are single-celled; some are multicellular.
- Nutrition varies among protists: they can ingest, absorb, or photosynthesize.
Habitats of Protists
- Primarily aquatic, found in damp environments like soil, marshes, lakes, and oceans.
- Some protists are free-living; others engage in symbiotic relationships with hosts, including humans.
Motility in Protists
- Protists exhibit motility and utilize appendages for movement:
- Flagella: whip-like structures; may be singular or multiple.
- Cilia: shorter and more numerous than flagella.
- Pseudopods: temporary, foot-like cytoplasmic extensions.
Reproduction in Protists
- Complex life cycles include both asexual and sexual reproduction.
- Example: Spirogyra reproduces asexually through binary fission; can produce spores in harsh conditions for sexual reproduction.
- Spores can fuse to form a diploid zygote, which undergoes meiosis to produce haploid cells.
Nutritional Methods of Protists
- Ingestive: Engulf food particles and digest them in food vacuoles.
- Absorptive: Absorb nutrients directly through cell membranes; important as decomposers.
- Photosynthetic: Utilize sunlight to create food; significant producers in aquatic ecosystems.
Summary of Protists
- Protists possess nuclear membranes and other organelles, primarily inhabit aquatic environments, and exhibit mobility.
- They have complex reproductive strategies and diverse nutritional methods, playing vital ecological roles.
Differences between Bacteria and Simple Protists
- Protists are eukaryotic organisms with a nucleus in each cell, unlike bacteria which are prokaryotic.
- Simple protists such as Paramecium and amoeba share some similarities with bacteria.
Evolution of Protists
- Protists are considered the oldest eukaryotes and likely evolved from prokaryotic cells.
- The endosymbiotic theory explains the evolution of eukaryotic cells as a result of mutualistic relationships between prokaryotic cells.
Endosymbiotic Theory
- The first eukaryotic cells emerged when smaller prokaryotic cells (endosymbionts) were engulfed by larger prokaryotic cells (hosts).
- Endosymbionts received protection and nutrients, while host cells gained organic molecules and energy.
- Over time, endosymbionts evolved into essential organelles:
- Aerobic bacteria became mitochondria, providing energy.
- Cyanobacteria evolved into chloroplasts, enabling photosynthesis.
Evidence for the Endosymbiotic Theory
- Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA, similar to bacterial DNA.
- They possess double membranes that resemble bacterial membranes.
- They replicate similarly to bacteria through binary fission.
- The internal structure and biochemistry of chloroplasts are akin to cyanobacteria.
Characteristics of Protists
- All protists have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.
- Most protists are single-celled; some are multicellular.
- Nutrition varies among protists: they can ingest, absorb, or photosynthesize.
Habitats of Protists
- Primarily aquatic, found in damp environments like soil, marshes, lakes, and oceans.
- Some protists are free-living; others engage in symbiotic relationships with hosts, including humans.
Motility in Protists
- Protists exhibit motility and utilize appendages for movement:
- Flagella: whip-like structures; may be singular or multiple.
- Cilia: shorter and more numerous than flagella.
- Pseudopods: temporary, foot-like cytoplasmic extensions.
Reproduction in Protists
- Complex life cycles include both asexual and sexual reproduction.
- Example: Spirogyra reproduces asexually through binary fission; can produce spores in harsh conditions for sexual reproduction.
- Spores can fuse to form a diploid zygote, which undergoes meiosis to produce haploid cells.
Nutritional Methods of Protists
- Ingestive: Engulf food particles and digest them in food vacuoles.
- Absorptive: Absorb nutrients directly through cell membranes; important as decomposers.
- Photosynthetic: Utilize sunlight to create food; significant producers in aquatic ecosystems.
Summary of Protists
- Protists possess nuclear membranes and other organelles, primarily inhabit aquatic environments, and exhibit mobility.
- They have complex reproductive strategies and diverse nutritional methods, playing vital ecological roles.
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