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Questions and Answers
How can carbon skeletons vary in organic molecules?
How can carbon skeletons vary in organic molecules?
Which of the following functional groups is characterized by the presence of a sulfhydryl group?
Which of the following functional groups is characterized by the presence of a sulfhydryl group?
What is the primary energy currency of the cell?
What is the primary energy currency of the cell?
What happens to ATP when it loses one phosphate group?
What happens to ATP when it loses one phosphate group?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of methylation in gene expression?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of methylation in gene expression?
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What is the role of acetyl groups in gene expression?
What is the role of acetyl groups in gene expression?
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Which of the following functional groups can act as a base?
Which of the following functional groups can act as a base?
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What is the difference between ATP and ADP?
What is the difference between ATP and ADP?
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Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base?
Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base?
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Which of the following statements about ATP/ADP is true?
Which of the following statements about ATP/ADP is true?
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What is the importance of carbon's valence in the formation of organic molecules?
What is the importance of carbon's valence in the formation of organic molecules?
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Which of the following pairs of functional groups are most likely to be involved in forming an ionic bond in a molecule?
Which of the following pairs of functional groups are most likely to be involved in forming an ionic bond in a molecule?
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Which of the following correctly describes cis-trans isomers?
Which of the following correctly describes cis-trans isomers?
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Which of the following best describes the role of the sulfhydryl group in protein structure?
Which of the following best describes the role of the sulfhydryl group in protein structure?
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Out of hydroxyl, amino, and carboxyl, which group is most likely to gain a proton (H+)?
Out of hydroxyl, amino, and carboxyl, which group is most likely to gain a proton (H+)?
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Why might it be essential to use only one form of enantiomer for a drug?
Why might it be essential to use only one form of enantiomer for a drug?
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What is the molecular mass of a substance that contains 1 mole of the substance?
What is the molecular mass of a substance that contains 1 mole of the substance?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a strong acid?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a strong acid?
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What defines a base in biological terms?
What defines a base in biological terms?
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Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between pH and hydrogen ion concentration?
Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between pH and hydrogen ion concentration?
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What is the significance of a disulfide bridge in biological molecules?
What is the significance of a disulfide bridge in biological molecules?
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What is the difference between cis and trans isomers?
What is the difference between cis and trans isomers?
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What is the role of buffers in biological environments?
What is the role of buffers in biological environments?
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How is the pH scale structured?
How is the pH scale structured?
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Study Notes
Bio Exam 1 Study Notes
- Chemical group regulating DNA: Methyl group (-CH3)
- Element always in organic chemistry: Carbon
- Carbon's atomic number: 6
- Carbon's valence electrons: 4, forming 4 bonds
- Chemical group stabilizing proteins: Sulfhydryl group (-SH)
- Weak base in pharmaceuticals: R-NH2
- Double bond isomers: Cis-trans isomers
- ATP importance: Stores potential to react with water, releasing energy for cellular processes
- Six most essential elements: Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorus, sulfur
- Organic base indicator: Amino group
- Organic acid indicator: Carboxyl group (-COOH)
- Mirror-image isomers: Enantiomers
- Weak acid: R-COOH
- Hydrocarbons characteristics: Hydrophobic, nonpolar, store energy
- ATP formation: Three phosphate groups covalently bonded to adenosine
- Amino acid components: Both -COOH and -NH2
- Enantiomers importance: One enantiomer may be effective, the other ineffective or toxic (drug production)
- ATP charges: Can have four negative charges
- Proton gaining group: Amino group
- Carbon's role in molecules: Versatile in forming skeletons for organic molecules
- Isomers difference: Different arrangements or bonding of atoms
- Cis-trans isomers difference: Differ in spatial arrangements around inflexible double bonds
- L-dopa use: Treats Parkinson's disease
- R-dopa's effect: Has no effect on Parkinson's disease
- Organic phosphate function: Contributes negative charge
- Amine function: Acts as a base
- Thiol function: Forms disulfide bonds
- Aldehyde function: May be a structural isomer of a ketone
- Carboxylic acid function: Acts as an acid
- Alcohol function: Polar, making compounds more soluble in water
- Methyl group structure: Carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms
- Methylation's effect: Suppresses gene expression
- Human chromosomes: 46 chromosomes
- Gene expression prevalence: Not all genes are expressed in every cell
- Acetyl groups' function: Unregulate or activate gene expression
- ATP energy function: Primary energy currency, fueling cellular processes
- Energy harvesting from food: Converted into ATP for cell use
- ATP reaction with water: Loses a phosphate group, converting to ADP and releasing energy
- ADP definition: Adenosine diphosphate
Other Important Concepts
- Inorganic phosphate: Phosphate that isn't attached to a carbon-containing molecule
- Molecular mass: Sum of all atomic masses in a molecule
- Mole definition: 6.02 x 1023 molecules
- Measuring moles: Mass corresponding to molecular mass in grams, dissolved in a specific solvent volume
- Molarity: Concentration; moles of solute per liter of solution
- Water formula weight: 18 grams
- pH and hydrogen ions: Lower pH indicates higher hydrogen ion concentration (more acidic)
- Acid definition: Donates hydrogen ions
- Base definition: Accepts hydrogen ions
- Strong vs. weak acids: Strong acids dissociate completely; weak acids partially dissociate
- pH scale: Ranges from 0-14; 7 is neutral
- Dissociation constant of water: 10-14
- Buffers: Minimize pH changes by donating or accepting hydrogen ions, maintaining stable conditions
- Hydrocarbons: Organic compounds composed of only hydrogen and carbon, typically forming chains or rings
- Structural isomers: Same molecular formula, different atomic arrangements
- Cis-trans isomers: Differ in spatial arrangement around double bonds
- Disulfide bridges: Important bonds holding DNA in higher-order structures involving sulfur atoms
- Phosphate groups origins: Commonly found in ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
- Phosphate group components: One phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms (one being double bonded)
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Description
Prepare for your biology exam with this concise study guide covering essential chemical groups, important elements in organic chemistry, and significant molecules like ATP. Focus on understanding structures, functions, and classifications of various compounds critical to biological processes.
