BIO 4750 Immunology Chapters 1-4

False (B)

T-cell region and B-cell region (lymphoid follicles)

<p>mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymph nodes = Filter lymph fluid and activate the adaptive immune response Spleen = Filter blood and activate the adaptive immune response MALT = Protect mucosal surfaces from pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Memory for a molecule or pathogen it has encountered before (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>dendritic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T cells and B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antigen = A molecule recognized by the adaptive immune system T-cell receptor = Receptor on T cells that recognizes MHC-peptide complexes MHC = Major histocompatibility complex, proteins that present peptides to T cells Cytokine = Signaling molecules that regulate immune responses Clonal selection = The process by which antigen-specific T cells are activated and proliferate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dendritic cells migrate to lymph nodes where they process and present peptide fragments to T cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production of antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only innate immune system receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adaptive immune cells express highly specific receptors that recognize particular antigens on pathogens. These receptors are formed through gene recombination, providing a diverse repertoire of recognition molecules capable of binding unique epitopes on pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone marrow (A), Thymus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>clonal selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Innate Immune System = The first line of defense against pathogens, characterized by non-specific recognition of common pathogen features Adaptive Immune System = The second line of defense, characterized by highly specific recognition of unique pathogen antigens and the ability to generate memory PAMPs = Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, common structures present on various pathogens recognized by innate immune receptors Clonal Selection = The process of identifying and activating lymphocytes that recognize a specific antigen Clonal Expansion = The proliferation and differentiation of activated lymphocytes into effector cells with the same specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lymphatic system is responsible for draining extracellular fluid (lymph) from tissues back into the bloodstream. It also plays a critical role in the immune system by transporting lymphocytes and antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B cells and T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>affinity maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>same antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antigen-specific receptors on T cells and B cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytotoxic T cells = Directly kill infected cells Helper T cells = Activate other immune cells, such as B cells and macrophages Plasma cells = Secrete antibodies Memory B cells = Provide long-term immunity against specific pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatic hypermutation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymph nodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The variable regions of the α-chain and β-chain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>α-β T-cell receptors and γ-δ T-cell receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B-cell receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Class I MHC = Binds to CD8 coreceptor Class II MHC = Binds to CD4 coreceptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutralization, opsonization, complement activation, activation of innate immune cells, protection of mucosal surfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>constant</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One antigen-binding site (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A system that recognizes and responds to specific pathogens through lymphocytes.

Sites where lymphocytes develop and mature, including the bone marrow and thymus.

Primary lymphoid tissue where B cells are produced and mature.

Primary lymphoid tissue where T cells develop and mature.

Sites where antigens are presented and lymphocytes are activated, such as lymph nodes.

Organs that facilitate antigen presentation and activate adaptive immunity, containing T-cell and B-cell regions.

Area in lymph nodes where dendritic cells present antigens to T cells, leading to their activation.

Organ that filters blood and activates T and B cells; crucial for fighting bloodborne infections.

Lymphoid tissue in mucosal membranes of tracts, involved in immunity and antigen presentation.

Process where dendritic cells display antigens to T cells, initiating an immune response.

T cells that differentiate into cytotoxic T cells when engaged with class I MHC.

T cells that differentiate into various types of helper T cells when engaged with class II MHC.

Process where B cells recognize a pathogen and become activated by helper T cells in the lymph node.

B cells that differentiate into antibody-secreting cells after activation.

Long-lived B cells that remember past infections for quicker responses in future encounters.

Process of generating B cells with higher affinity for an antigen through somatic hypermutation.

Recombination of heavy chain constant region genes to produce different types of antibodies.

Generated by genetic mechanisms like recombination of variable gene segments and random nucleotide changes.

Cells that recognize constant regions of immunoglobulins.

A complement activation pathway triggered by immunoglobulins.

Cells that present peptide antigens to T cells.

Immune response targeting novel pathogens with memory.

Maturation of T cells occurs in the thymus.

B cells develop in the bone marrow through somatic recombination.

Dendritic cells phagocytose and present antigens to T cells.

The body's first line of defense that responds quickly to pathogens using phagocytes and granulocytes.

Receptors in the innate immune system that recognize common structures on pathogens.

Molecules found on pathogens recognized by PRRs in the innate immune system.

The process where specific B or T cells are chosen to respond to a particular pathogen.

The process of proliferation of selected B or T cells after a successful recognition of a pathogen.

The ability of the adaptive immune system to remember past pathogens, allowing for faster response during reinfection.

T cells combat infected cells, while B cells produce antibodies against pathogens.

Transmembrane proteins that recognize antigens via binding sites formed from α and β chains.

The region formed by variable regions of T-cell receptor chains that binds to specific antigens.

Molecules presenting peptides from cytosolic proteins; bind to CD8+ T cells.

Molecules presenting peptides from external proteins; bind to CD4+ T cells.

Human genetic locus for MHC; contains variants affecting immune response.

Also known as antibodies; they act as B-cell receptors and effector molecules.

Composed of 4 chains; 2 heavy and 2 light chains forming antigen-binding sites.

Secreted antibodies with five isotypes that perform various immune functions.

Actions like neutralization, opsonization, complement activation, aiding innate cells.

Both immune systems overlap functionally and support each other’s response.