Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which cells secrete type I IFNs in response to recognition of viral nucleic acids by TLRs, RLRs, and other pattern recognition receptors?
Which cells secrete type I IFNs in response to recognition of viral nucleic acids by TLRs, RLRs, and other pattern recognition receptors?
- Macrophages
- B lymphocytes
- Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (correct)
- Natural killer cells
What is the basis for the use of IFN-α to treat some forms of chronic viral hepatitis?
What is the basis for the use of IFN-α to treat some forms of chronic viral hepatitis?
- Enhancement of viral entry into host cells
- Inhibition of viral replication and destruction of viral genomes (correct)
- Stimulation of inflammatory response
- Induction of fever for virus clearance
What is associated with severe cases of COVID-19?
What is associated with severe cases of COVID-19?
- Overproduction of type I IFNs
- Reduced inflammatory response
- Enhanced activation of NK cells
- Inherited or acquired deficiency of type I IFN production or signaling (correct)
What enhances the ability of NK cells to kill infected cells?
What enhances the ability of NK cells to kill infected cells?
Which cells secrete cytokines that induce inflammation?
Which cells secrete cytokines that induce inflammation?
What activates macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes?
What activates macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes?
What do complement proteins do when activated in innate immunity?
What do complement proteins do when activated in innate immunity?
What is the function of type I interferons in antiviral defense?
What is the function of type I interferons in antiviral defense?
What do phagocytes do in inflammation?
What do phagocytes do in inflammation?
What ensures that adaptive immunity is elicited by microbes and not by nonmicrobial substances?
What ensures that adaptive immunity is elicited by microbes and not by nonmicrobial substances?
What is the role of natural killer (NK) cells in antiviral defense?
What is the role of natural killer (NK) cells in antiviral defense?
What is the role of cytokines in innate immunity?
What is the role of cytokines in innate immunity?
What is the name of the first signal required for full activation of antigen-specific lymphocytes?
What is the name of the first signal required for full activation of antigen-specific lymphocytes?
Why does the requirement for microbe-dependent second signals exist?
Why does the requirement for microbe-dependent second signals exist?
What may induce adaptive immune responses without microbes?
What may induce adaptive immune responses without microbes?
What are the second signals for T cells called?
What are the second signals for T cells called?
How do blood-borne microbes activate the complement system?
How do blood-borne microbes activate the complement system?
What is the role of second signals in relation to adaptive immunity?
What is the role of second signals in relation to adaptive immunity?
What constitutes innate immunity in multicellular organisms?
What constitutes innate immunity in multicellular organisms?
What are Toll-like receptors (TLRs) a major class of?
What are Toll-like receptors (TLRs) a major class of?
What do inflammasomes generate?
What do inflammasomes generate?
Which components are principal components of innate immunity?
Which components are principal components of innate immunity?
What do epithelia provide as a defense against microbes?
What do epithelia provide as a defense against microbes?
Which mechanism prevents excessive tissue damage in innate immune responses?
Which mechanism prevents excessive tissue damage in innate immune responses?
What is the role of type I interferons (IFN-α, IFN-β) in response to viral infections?
What is the role of type I interferons (IFN-α, IFN-β) in response to viral infections?
What do pathogens do to evade innate immunity?
What do pathogens do to evade innate immunity?
What is the function of innate immune responses besides combating infections?
What is the function of innate immune responses besides combating infections?
How is inflammasome activation controlled?
How is inflammasome activation controlled?
How do intracellular bacteria like Listeria monocytogenes evade innate immunity?
How do intracellular bacteria like Listeria monocytogenes evade innate immunity?
What is the role of feedback mechanisms in innate immune responses?
What is the role of feedback mechanisms in innate immune responses?
What do some intracellular bacteria like mycobacteria contain that inhibits fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes?
What do some intracellular bacteria like mycobacteria contain that inhibits fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes?
What is the effect of microbial evasion on innate immunity?
What is the effect of microbial evasion on innate immunity?
What do feedback mechanisms induce in response to TLR signaling?
What do feedback mechanisms induce in response to TLR signaling?
Study Notes
Innate Immune Responses and Microbial Evasion
- Viral DNA recognition by CDSs induces autophagy, leading to the destruction of viral-containing organelles by lysosomes.
- Innate response to viral infections involves increased apoptosis of infected cells, aiding in the elimination of infection reservoirs.
- Innate immune responses are regulated by mechanisms preventing excessive tissue damage, including the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-10 and IL-1 receptor antagonist.
- Feedback mechanisms induce expression of inhibitors of cytokine signaling, such as suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) in response to TLR signaling.
- Inflammasome activation is tightly controlled by posttranslational modifications and micro-RNAs.
- Type I interferons (IFN-α, IFN-β) are produced in response to TLR signaling and other viral nucleic acid sensors, interfering with viral replication and increasing susceptibility to CTL-mediated killing.
- Microbes have evolved mechanisms to evade innate immunity, including resistance to phagocytosis, reactive oxygen intermediates, complement activation, and antimicrobial peptides.
- Pathogenic microbes have evolved to resist innate immunity, with some intracellular bacteria and viruses encoding proteins that block induction of type I IFNs.
- Some intracellular bacteria, like Listeria monocytogenes, produce proteins enabling escape from phagocytic vesicles, while mycobacteria contain lipids inhibiting fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes.
- Innate immune responses not only combat infections but also serve as a warning function, alerting the adaptive immune system of the need for an effective immune response.
- Innate immune responses generate molecules that provide signals, in addition to antigens, required to activate naive T and B lymphocytes.
- The innate immune response to microbes stimulates adaptive immune responses, contributing to a comprehensive immune defense against infections.
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Test your knowledge of the two signals required for full activation of antigen-specific lymphocytes and the concept of danger signals in the adaptive immune system.
