65 Questions
Which type of immune response recognizes molecular patterns common to a wide range of microbes?
Innate immune response
Which immune response generates a memory response upon exposure to a microbe?
Adaptive immune response
Which cells are the guards of the immune system and recognize invading pathogens in tissues?
Sentinel cells
Which cells capture microbial antigens and present them to T lymphocytes?
Dendritic cells
Which cells primarily kill infected or transformed cells and produce cytokines?
Natural killer cells
What are small proteins used for communication in the immune system?
Cytokines
Which proteins increase during an inflammatory response and are synthesized in the liver?
Acute phase proteins
Which components recruit more cells to the area of infection and coat pathogens for ingestion?
Complement components
What do pattern recognition receptors on sentinel cells recognize?
Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)
What do inflammatory mediators released by sentinel cells cause?
Signs of inflammation
What do antigen presenting cells present to T cells in the lymph node, leading to activation and proliferation?
Pathogen fragments
What is the first line of host defence against infection?
Innate immunity
Which type of immunity is always present in healthy individuals and provides immediate protection against an infection?
Innate immunity
What is the term used to indicate molecules that are recognized specifically by antigen receptors of either T cells or B cells?
Epitope
Which cells are lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system?
T and B cells
What is a molecule that is recognized by the immune system?
Epitope
What part of the antigen can be recognized and bound by antibody or by antigen receptors on T and B cells?
Epitope
What does the adaptive immune response need to encounter before it can respond?
Epitopes
What is the term used to indicate the molecules recognized specifically by antigen receptors of T cells or B cells?
Antigen
Which immune response adapts more slowly following infection but provides a specialized defense relying on the proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes?
Adaptive immunity
What type of immunity delivers a rapid response to infection?
Innate immunity
Which immune response alerts the adaptive immune response that it needs help to eradicate infection?
Innate immunity
What does a particular antigen have that can be recognized and bound by antibody or by antigen receptors on T and B cells?
Epitope
What is innate immunity often referred to as?
Natural immunity
Which type of immunity provides the first line of defense against infection?
Innate immunity
What does an antigen refer to?
A molecule recognized by the immune system
What is the role of an epitope?
It can be recognized and bound by antibodies or antigen receptors
Which type of immunity relies on the proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes?
Adaptive immunity
What type of immune response delivers a rapid response to infection?
Innate immune response
Which immune response adapts more slowly following infection?
Adaptive immune response
What does the adaptive immune response need to encounter before it can respond?
The antigen
What is the term used to indicate molecules recognized specifically by antigen receptors of T cells or B cells?
Antigen
What alerts the adaptive immune response that it needs help to eradicate infection?
Innate immune response
What does the adaptive immune system use to clear infection?
Innate immune response
What is the term used to refer to the proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes in the immune system?
Adaptive immunity
Which cells develop in the bone marrow?
B cells
What is used to define the type of lymphocyte and its function?
CD markers
Which cells help B cells to produce antibody and promote macrophage killing?
CD4 positive T cells
What cells kill cells infected with intracellular pathogens?
CD8 positive T cells
What are antibodies also known as?
Immunoglobulins
How many heavy and light chains comprise antibodies?
Two heavy and two light chains
What do antibodies have that are identical?
Antigen binding sites
Where do B cells synthesize antibodies in response to antigenic stimulation?
Bone marrow
What do the end terminus of each heavy chain associate with to create the two antibody binding domains?
Light chains
What is the major effector of the adaptive immune response through the production of cytokines, cytotoxic molecules, and antibody?
B lymphocytes
Which antibody predominates on the secondary immune response?
IgG
What is the first antibody to appear in the immune response?
IgM
What is the form of hypersensitivity that allergy represents?
Type I hypersensitivity
What is the term used to indicate a reaction against self?
Auto-reactivity
What type of immune deficiency is exemplified by Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency?
Primary immunodeficiency
What is the cause of immunodeficiency in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)?
Defect in CD4 T cells
What is the result of an interaction between antigen and IgE?
Mast cell degranulation
What is the term used to indicate a breakdown of B or T cell self-tolerance?
Autoimmunity
What type of immune deficiency may present shortly after birth?
Primary immunodeficiency
What is the role of long-lived memory cells in the immune response?
Provide long-term protection
What is the function of the Fc region of antibodies?
Complement activation and interaction with immune cells through Fc receptor binding
Which cells recognize antigens through B cell receptors (BCRs) containing antibody molecules?
B cells
What do memory B cells enable upon re-exposure to antigens?
Quicker and stronger immune response
What do T cell receptors (TCRs) recognize?
Specific antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules
What is the function of helper T cells (CD4 positive)?
Help B cells produce antibodies
What do innate immune cells express?
Pattern recognition receptors
Where do B lymphocytes mature?
Bone marrow
Where do T lymphocytes mature?
Thymus
What do naive T cells with potentially useful receptors against foreign antigens do?
Circulate the body
What are the functions of antibodies?
Bind and neutralize pathogens, and can activate complement to kill pathogens
Study Notes
Innate Immune Response Overview
- Innate immune response is non-specific and recognizes molecular patterns common to a wide range of microbes
- It does not generate a memory response and is less effective upon repeated exposure to the same microbe
- Sentinel cells are the guards of the immune system and recognize invading pathogens in tissues
- Dendritic cells capture microbial antigens and present them to T lymphocytes
- Phagocytes engulf and kill invading organisms, alerting the adaptive immune system
- Innate lymphoid cells primarily kill infected or transformed cells and produce cytokines
- Cytokines are small proteins used for communication in the immune system
- Acute phase proteins increase during an inflammatory response and are synthesized in the liver
- Complement components recruit more cells to the area of infection and coat pathogens for ingestion
- Pattern recognition receptors on sentinel cells recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)
- Inflammatory mediators released by sentinel cells cause signs of inflammation and help kill pathogens
- Antigen presenting cells, like dendritic cells, present pathogen fragments to T cells in the lymph node, leading to activation and proliferation
Overview of the Immune System and Lymphocyte Function
- The Fc region of antibodies has various functions such as complement activation and interaction with immune cells through Fc receptor binding.
- Different types of antibodies (IgG, IgE, IgD, IgA, IgM) have distinct functions, such as agglutination, mucosal protection, and mast cell activation.
- B cells recognize antigens through B cell receptors (BCRs) containing antibody molecules, and can differentiate into plasma cells, which produce antibodies.
- Memory B cells are produced to enable a quicker and stronger response upon re-exposure to antigens.
- Antibodies, secreted versions of B cell receptors, bind and neutralize pathogens, and can activate complement to kill pathogens.
- T cells have T cell receptors (TCRs) that recognize specific antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.
- Helper T cells (CD4 positive) help B cells produce antibodies, while cytotoxic T cells (CD8 positive) kill virus-infected cells.
- Regulatory T cells (CD4 positive) suppress the activity of other immune cells to control the immune response.
- Innate immune cells express pattern recognition receptors, while B and T cells have unique receptors recognizing specific antigens.
- Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules present antigens to T cells and are highly variable and polymorphic.
- B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow, while T lymphocytes mature in the thymus, and both leave the primary organs to encounter antigens in secondary lymphoid organs.
- Naive T cells with potentially useful receptors against foreign antigens are exported from the thymus and circulate the body.
Test your knowledge of the innate immune response with this quiz. Explore the roles of sentinel cells, dendritic cells, phagocytes, cytokines, acute phase proteins, complement components, and more in the body's defense against invading pathogens.
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