Questions and Answers
Hyperglycemia would cause the pancreas to ____ insulin secretion, and hypoglycemia would cause the pancreas to ____ insulin secretion.
increase; decrease
Classify the following as characteristics of the Endocrine System or Nervous System:
Releases hormones into the bloodstream for general distribution = Endocrine System Usually has relatively local, specific effects = Nervous System Communicates by means of hormones = Endocrine System Stops quickly when stimulus stops = Nervous System Adapts relatively slowly = Endocrine System Reacts quickly to stimuli = Nervous System
Lipid-soluble hormones bind to ____ receptors.
nuclear
Water-soluble hormones bind to ____ receptors.
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Transcription of mRNA is the result of the binding of ____-soluble hormones.
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Water-soluble hormones can pass through the cell membrane.
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An example of a hormone that binds to a nuclear receptor is ____.
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One example of a hormone that binds to a membrane-bound receptor is ____.
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The endocrine gland that is devoted entirely to endocrine activities and has a distinctive butterfly shape is the ____.
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Hormones are chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ.
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Indicate the secretion site of TRH, CRH, and GnRH.
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Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding the structure and location of the parathyroid gland:
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Hormones display ____ effects when one hormone allows the activity of a second hormone.
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Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its target:
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The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by the ____.
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Study Notes
Insulin Secretion and Blood Glucose Levels
- Hyperglycemia triggers an increase in insulin secretion.
- Hypoglycemia triggers a decrease in insulin secretion.
Endocrine vs Nervous System
-
Endocrine System:
- Releases hormones into the bloodstream affecting various body parts.
- Effects are often broad and prolonged.
- Interaction via hormones leads to slower responses to stimuli.
-
Nervous System:
- Targets specific areas quickly through neurotransmitter release.
- Immediate response to stimuli, ceasing when the stimulus stops.
Hormone-Receptor Interactions
- Lipid-soluble hormones interact with nuclear receptors.
- Water-soluble hormones interact with membrane-bound receptors.
- Transcription of mRNA occurs due to binding of lipid-soluble hormones.
- Water-soluble hormones cannot cross the cell membrane.
Examples of Hormones and Their Receptors
- Nuclear Receptor Example: Thyroid Hormone.
- Membrane-Bound Receptor Example: Epinephrine.
Endocrine Glands
- Thyroid Gland: Unique butterfly shape, fully dedicated to endocrine functions.
- Key hormones secreted:
- Hypothalamus: TRH, CRH, GnRH.
- Posterior Pituitary: Oxytocin (OT).
- Anterior Pituitary: Growth Hormone (GH), Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH).
Parathyroid Gland Characteristics
- Embedded within the thyroid gland.
- Secrets Parathyroid Hormone (PTH).
- Does not secrete Thyroid Hormone.
- Not organized in follicles.
Hormonal Effects and Secretion Pathway
- Permissive Effects: One hormone enhances the effect of another.
- Sequence in water retention:
- Posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone.
- Hormone reaches kidney target cells.
- Increased water reabsorption maintains blood volume.
Target Organs for Specific Hormones
- Growth Hormone (GH) and Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) target the liver, fat, muscle, and bone.
- Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) targets the thyroid.
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) affects the adrenal cortex.
Connection to the Hypothalamus
- The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus via the infundibulum.
Anterior Pituitary Hormones and Effects
- Prolactin (PRL) influences mammary glands and interstitial cells.
- Growth Hormone (GH) acts on nearly all body cells.
- TSH stimulates the thyroid gland.
- ACTH promotes glucocorticoid secretion from adrenal cortex.
- FSH and LH influence the ovaries in females and testes in males.
Hormone Classification
-
Produced by Hypothalamus:
- GnRH, CRH, GHRH.
-
Produced by Anterior Pituitary:
- FSH, TSH, GH.
Anterior Pituitary Hormones and Their Functions
- Growth Hormone: Promotes tissue growth.
- TSH: Stimulates thyroid hormone secretion.
- ACTH: Stimulates glucocorticoid hormone secretion.
- FSH: Aids in follicle maturation and sperm production.
- Prolactin: Triggers milk production.
- LH: Induces ovulation and testosterone production.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the key concepts of Chapter 17 from BIO 211. This quiz focuses on the endocrine and nervous systems, including insulin secretion and their characteristics. Prepare to reinforce your understanding through interactive flashcards.
