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Chapter 24 | Endocrine Functions of the Pancreas
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Chapter 24 | Endocrine Functions of the Pancreas

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the rapid actions of insulin according to the text?

  • Inhibition of protein degradation
  • Activation of glycolytic enzymes (correct)
  • Increase in mRNAs for lipogenic enzymes
  • Stimulation of protein synthesis

    • Which tissue shows an increase in glucose entry, fatty acid synthesis, and triglyceride deposition due to insulin?

  • Skeletal muscle
  • Adipose tissue (correct)
  • Liver
  • Cardiac muscle

    • What effect does insulin have on glycogen synthesis in muscle?

  • No effect on glycogen synthesis
  • Decrease glycogen synthesis
  • Increase glycogen synthesis (correct)
  • Promote breakdown of glycogen

    • Which enzyme is inhibited by insulin according to the text?

    <p>Phosphorylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of insulin on protein catabolism in muscle?

    <p><strong>Decrease</strong> protein catabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process does insulin activate in adipose tissue?

    <p><strong>Increase</strong> glucose entry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of diabetes?

    <p>Polydipsia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following happens in diabetes due to reduced entry of glucose into peripheral tissues?

    <p>Hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of long-standing diabetes involving retinal scarring?

    <p>Diabetic retinopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a microvascular complication of diabetes?

    <p>Diabetic nephropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the macrovascular abnormalities in diabetes?

    <p>Accelerated atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of abnormalities does diabetic neuropathy involve?

    <p>Autonomic nervous system and peripheral nerve abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance inhibits the secretion of insulin in the pancreas?

    <p>Somatostatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause selective destruction of the B cells of the pancreatic islets?

    <p>Pancreatectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does SS 28 have on insulin secretion?

    <p>Inhibits insulin secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a stimulator of insulin secretion?

    <p>β-Keto acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom that can result from hyperglycemia?

    <p>Polyuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is found in the D cells of pancreatic islets and inhibits the secretion of insulin?

    <p>Somatostatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is measured clinically as an integrated index of diabetic control?

    <p>Hemoglobin A1c concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances increases the secretion of somatostatin in the pancreas?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In diabetes, what happens to the rate at which amino acids are catabolized?

    <p>Increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to polydipsia in cases of hyperglycemia?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does SS 14 play in the pancreas?

    <p>Inhibits insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is there glycosuria in cases of hyperglycemia?

    <p>Excess glucose for renal reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of clinical diabetes according to the text?

    <p>Autoimmune destruction of B cells in the pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes type 1 diabetes mellitus from type 2 diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Autoimmune destruction of B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ancient term was used to describe conditions with a large urine volume, one type being sweet-tasting urine?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of diabetes is characterized by dysregulation of insulin release and insulin resistance in peripheral tissues?

    <p>Type 2 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes usually presents in children?

    <p>Type 1 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of 'diabetes mellitus' according to the text?

    <p>Sweet-tasting urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of insulin in regulating metabolism?

    <p>Promoting glucose uptake into cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a hormone secreted by the pancreas that regulates ion transport in the intestine?

    <p>Pancreatic polypeptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells in the islets of Langerhans are also known as δ cells?

    <p>D cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of somatostatin in islet cell secretion regulation?

    <p>Inhibiting glucagon secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone plays a crucial role in regulating the intermediary metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of glucagon in the regulation of metabolism?

    <p>Accelerating glycogen breakdown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of insulin on ketogenesis in the liver?

    <p>Decreased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an effect of insulin on muscle tissue?

    <p>Increased ketone uptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of insulin on glucose transporters in cells?

    <p>Increased K+ uptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does insulin do to the release of gluconeogenic amino acids in muscle tissue?

    <p>Decreases the release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which tissue does insulin play a role in the activation of lipoprotein lipase?

    <p>Adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does insulin have on fatty acid synthesis in the liver?

    <p>Increases fatty acid synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the situation in diabetes where there is extracellular glucose excess and intracellular glucose deficiency?

    <p>Starvation in the midst of plenty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microvascular abnormalities in diabetes include proliferative scarring of the retina leading to blindness. What is this condition called?

    <p>Diabetic retinopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of macrovascular abnormalities in diabetes?

    <p>Accelerated atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In diabetic nephropathy, what complication can result from the renal disease associated with diabetes?

    <p>Chronic kidney disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nerves are involved in diabetic neuropathy?

    <p>Autonomic nerves and peripheral nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the situation in diabetes where weight loss occurs despite increased appetite?

    <p>Polyphagia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is known to inhibit the secretion of insulin in the pancreas?

    <p>Somatostatin 14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of α-Adrenergic stimulators on insulin secretion?

    <p>Stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance increases somatostatin secretion in the pancreas?

    <p>CCK</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does SS 28 differ from SS 14 in terms of inhibiting insulin secretion?

    <p>SS 28 is more active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor stimulates insulin secretion and inhibits glucagon secretion?

    <p>Intestinal hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of somatostatin in pancreatic islets?

    <p>Inhibiting insulin and glucagon secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental defect in type 2 diabetes that most abnormalities can be traced back to?

    <p>Reduced entry of glucose into peripheral tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is not typically observed in a patient with diabetes?

    <p>Weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic approach in managing type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Provision of exogenous insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of lifestyle changes in early type 2 diabetes according to the text?

    <p>Dietary alterations or increased exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action characterizes insulin-sensitizing drugs in type 2 diabetes management?

    <p>Enhancing glucose entry into peripheral tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What paradoxical situation is described as 'starvation in the midst of plenty' in the context of type 2 diabetes?

    <p>'Peripheral' tissues in a state of starvation despite high blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the situation in diabetes where there is extracellular glucose excess and intracellular glucose deficiency?

    <p>Starvation in the midst of plenty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication of diabetes involves proliferative scarring of the retina leading to blindness?

    <p>Diabetic retinopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to weight loss in diabetes despite an increased appetite?

    <p>Starvation in the midst of plenty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of disease is diabetic nephropathy?

    <p>Microvascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of macrovascular abnormalities in diabetes according to the text?

    <p>Increased plasma LDL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition results from renal disease associated with diabetes?

    <p>Chronic kidney disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Starvation in the midst of plenty' is primarily caused by what underlying defect in diabetes?

    <p>Reduced entry of glucose into tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetes?

    <p>Increased incidence of stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

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