BIO 102: Unit 3 (Specialized Cells and Cell Signaling) Exam Study Guide
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of topoisomerase at a replication fork?

  • Synthesizes RNA primers
  • Unwinds and separates the parental DNA strands
  • Relieves the strain caused by unwinding the DNA (correct)
  • Stabilizes the unwound parental strands

    • What is the function of primase in DNA replication?

  • Unwinds and separates the parental DNA strands
  • Stabilizes the unwound parental strands
  • Relieves the strain caused by unwinding the DNA
  • Synthesizes RNA primers (correct)

    • Which proteins are responsible for stabilizing the unwound parental strands in DNA replication?

  • Topoisomerase
  • Helicase
  • Primase
  • Single-strand binding proteins (correct)

    • What happens to the lagging strand during DNA replication?

    <p>Forms short fragments discontinuously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence if a cell division goes awry?

    <p>End of continuity of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two families of nitrogenous bases?

    <p>Pyrimidines and Purines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base is only found in DNA?

    <p>Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of DNA?

    <p>Program protein production in the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of RNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carry genetic information for translation into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many phosphate groups can a nucleotide have?

    <p>One to three phosphate groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of mitosis?

    <p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?

    <p>Catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of an existing chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an origin of replication in DNA replication?

    <p>Initiates the process of DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between DNA and RNA?

    <p>DNA is a double helix, while RNA is a single helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of mitosis do the daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell?

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a control element in gene regulation?

    <p>Helps regulate transcription of a gene by binding to RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of operon does the repressor bind to a corepressor to stop production?

    <p>Repressible operon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a tumor suppressor gene in the context of cancer development?

    <p>Promotes the synthesis of proteins that inhibit cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do paracrine, synaptic, and endocrine signaling types initiate a response in target cells?

    <p>By interacting with specific receptors on target cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a G-protein-coupled receptor and a ligand-gated ion channel receptor?

    <p>G-protein-coupled receptors respond to signaling molecule binding by activating G proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of DNA Polymerase I in DNA replication?

    <p>Replaces RNA primers with DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein binds to unpaired DNA strands during replication?

    <p>Single-stranded binding proteins (SSBs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of an inducer in gene regulation?

    <p>Stimulates gene transcription by changing the repressor's shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of Topoisomerase in DNA replication?

    <p>Breaks, swivels, and rejoins DNA strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Operator' refer to in bacterial and phage DNA?

    <p>A sequence of nucleotides near the start of an operon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a small, nonprotein molecule that relays signals to a cell's interior in response to a signaling molecule bound by a receptor protein?

    <p>Second Messenger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do ligand-gated ion channels regulate the flow of specific ions?

    <p>By changing shape in response to a ligand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves a primary mechanism of homeostasis by triggering a response that counteracts the initial change?

    <p>Negative Feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of signaling involves a nerve cell releasing neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse to stimulate target cells, such as muscles or other nerve cells?

    <p>Synaptic Signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cell signaling, what occurs when a ligand binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape?

    <p>Reception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a second messenger in cell signaling?

    <p>Amplifying the signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are receptor proteins typically found in a cell?

    <p>In the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell communication involves a hormone acting on the same cell that produced it?

    <p>Autocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a ligand-gated ion channel in cell signaling?

    <p>Allowing or blocking ion flow based on ligand binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In endocrine signaling, where do hormones typically travel to reach target cells?

    <p>By diffusion into interstitial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is negative feedback regulation in physiology?

    <p>A mechanism that slows a process by accumulating an end product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hypothalamus in maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>Coordinating endocrine and nervous systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is thermoregulation's primary purpose in mammals?

    <p>Maintenance of internal body temperature within a range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes positive feedback regulation?

    <p>A process where an end product speeds up its own production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of single-stranded binding proteins (SSBs) during DNA replication?

    <p>Stabilize and separate unpaired DNA strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of mitosis do chromosomes align at the metaphase plate?

    <p>Prometaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of DNA polymerase III and DNA polymerase I in E.coli?

    <p>Elongate new DNA by adding nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is RNA typically created but can freely move around in a cell?

    <p>Nucleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of topoisomerase during DNA replication?

    <p>Relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of mitosis involves the chromatids of each chromosome separating?

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of primase in DNA replication?

    <p>Make RNA primers to start replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme catalyzes the elongation of new DNA by adding nucleotides to the 3' end?

    <p>DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a miotic spindle during mitosis?

    <p>Separate chromatids to opposite poles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the structure of RNA and DNA?

    <p>DNA is a double helix with G-C and A-T base pairs while RNA is a single helix with G-C and A-U base pairs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base is a member of the pyrimidine family and is only found in RNA?

    <p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of DNA during protein synthesis?

    <p>Carries genetic information that is translated into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nucleic acid type is responsible for dictating the synthesis of messenger RNA?

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of RNA involved in protein synthesis?

    <p>rRNA and tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base is a member of the purine family and found in both DNA and RNA?

    <p>Guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of RNA during protein synthesis?

    <p>Carrying genetic information for translation into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nitrogenous bases consists of one six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen?

    <p>Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of primase in DNA replication?

    <p>Synthesizes RNA primers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA replication, what is the role of topoisomerase at a replication fork?

    <p>Breaks, swivels, and rejoins the parental DNA ahead of the replication fork</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key feature of G2 phase checkpoint in the cell cycle?

    <p>Prevents cells from entering mitosis when DNA is damaged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a prokaryotic genome?

    <p>Has a single circular chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of single-strand binding proteins in DNA replication?

    <p>Stabilize unwound parental strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a centromere on a duplicated chromosome represent?

    <p>Region where sister chromatids are attached by proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates the leading strand from the lagging strand in DNA replication?

    <p>'Leading' refers to 5' to 3' direction of synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Genome' refers to:

    <p>The genetic material of an organism or virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Cytokinesis' involves:

    <p>'Division of cytoplasm, producing two daughter cells'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Cycle and Mitosis

    • The cell cycle consists of three stages: Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis
    • Interphase consists of G1 (growth), S (synthesis), and G2 (growth) stages
    • Mitosis consists of Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase stages
    • Cytokinesis is the division of cytoplasm to form two daughter cells

    Mitosis Stages

    • Prophase:
      • Chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes
      • Miotic spindle begins to form
      • Nucleolus disappears
    • Prometaphase:
      • Nuclear envelope fragments
      • Spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores of chromosomes
    • Metaphase:
      • Spindle is complete
      • Chromosomes, attached to microtubules, are aligned at the metaphase plate
    • Anaphase:
      • Chromatids of each chromosome separate
      • Daughter chromosomes move to the poles of the cell
    • Telophase:
      • Daughter nuclei are forming
      • Cytokinesis typically begins

    Checkpoints

    • G1 checkpoint: ensures cell is ready for DNA replication
    • G2 checkpoint: ensures DNA is undamaged before mitosis
    • M checkpoint: ensures all chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers

    DNA Replication

    • Semi-conservative model: one new strand, one old strand
    • Leading strand: continuously synthesized 5' to 3' towards the replication fork
    • Lagging strand: discontinuously synthesized in short fragments (Okazaki fragments)
    • RNA primers: synthesized by primase, used to initiate DNA synthesis
    • Topoisomerase: relieves strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork
    • Single-strand binding proteins: stabilize and hold apart the unwound DNA strands

    Cell Division

    • Reasons for cell division:
      • Continuity of life
      • Growth and development of multicellular organisms
      • Replacement of cells in tissues
    • Consequences of cell division gone awry:
      • Cancer

    Nucleic Acids

    • Structure of DNA: double helix, two complementary strands of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds between G-C and A-T base pairs
    • Structure of RNA: single helix, two complementary strands of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds between G-C and A-U base pairs
    • Differences between DNA and RNA:
      • Sugar component (deoxyribose vs. ribose)
      • Double helix vs. single helix
      • Ability to move around in the cell

    Cell Signaling

    • Cell signaling involves the release of signaling molecules, interaction with receptors, and response to the signal
    • Three stages of cell signaling:
      • Reception: signaling molecule binds to receptor
      • Transduction: signal is converted into a response
      • Response: cellular response to the signal

    Gene Regulation

    • Operons: units of genetic function found in bacteria and phages, consisting of a promoter, operator, and coordinately regulated cluster of genes
    • Repressor: protein that inhibits gene transcription
    • Inducer: small molecule that binds to a repressor protein and changes its shape, thus switching an operon on
    • Activator: protein that binds to DNA and stimulates gene transcription

    Cancer

    • Oncogenes: genes involved in triggering molecular events that can lead to cancer
    • Proto-oncogenes: normal cellular genes that have the potential to become oncogenes
    • Tumor suppressor genes: genes whose protein products inhibit cell division, preventing uncontrolled cell growth
    • Multistep model of cancer development: tumor initiation, promotion, malignant conversion, and progression- Cell Signaling and Endocrine System*

    Receptors and Ligands

    • Ligand: a molecule that binds to a specific receptor on the cell surface or inside the cell, initiating a signaling cascade
    • Receptor: a protein that receives and interprets information from signaling molecules (ligands)
    • Second messenger: a small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signaling molecule bound by a signal receptor protein

    Types of Receptors

    • Extracellular receptor: a receptor protein found on the surface of the cell membrane
      • Example: Insulin receptor
    • Intracellular receptor: a receptor protein found inside the cell, typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus
      • Example: Steroid hormone receptors

    Signal Transduction

    • The process of transmitting a signal from the receptor to the effector molecule
    • Often involves a cascade of molecular interactions
    • Can involve G proteins, second messengers, and protein kinases

    Cell Signaling Pathways

    • Local signaling: short-distance signaling between cells
      • Examples: paracrine signaling, synaptic signaling
    • Long-distance signaling: signaling between cells over a long distance
      • Examples: endocrine signaling, hormone signaling

    Endocrine System

    • A system of glands and hormones that regulate various bodily functions
    • Hormones: chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands that travel through the bloodstream to reach target cells
    • Examples: insulin, adrenaline, estrogen, testosterone

    Feedback Loops

    • Negative feedback: a response that counteracts the initial stimulus
      • Example: Lowering body temperature in response to a fever
    • Positive feedback: a response that amplifies the initial stimulus
      • Example: Childbirth

    Homeostasis

    • The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment
    • Crucial for the survival of an organism
    • Involves negative feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis

    Cell Cycle and Mitosis

    • Cell cycle: the sequence of events from cell growth to cell division
    • Mitosis: the process of cell division that results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
    • Checkpoints: critical points in the cell cycle where the process can be halted if DNA damage is detected

    DNA Replication

    • The process of making an exact copy of a DNA molecule
    • Involves the unwinding of the double helix, replication fork, and the synthesis of new DNA strands
    • Key enzymes involved: helicase, primase, DNA polymerase, and topoisomerase

    Nucleic Acids

    • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): a double-stranded molecule that contains the genetic instructions for an organism
    • RNA (ribonucleic acid): a single-stranded molecule involved in protein synthesis and other cellular processes

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    Description

    Prepare for your BIO 102 exam on Specialized Cells and Cell Signaling with this study guide covering topics like cell division, nucleotides, and the molecular basis of inheritance. Includes multiple-choice questions and short answer practice. Exam Date: Thursday, April 11.

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