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Questions and Answers
Which essential nutrient cannot be synthesized by human cells?
Which essential nutrient cannot be synthesized by human cells?
What is the caloric value of lipids per gram?
What is the caloric value of lipids per gram?
In which state would the process of glycogenolysis primarily occur?
In which state would the process of glycogenolysis primarily occur?
What characterizes a positive nitrogen balance?
What characterizes a positive nitrogen balance?
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Which of the following does the body primarily use glucose for?
Which of the following does the body primarily use glucose for?
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What is the primary function of proteins in the body?
What is the primary function of proteins in the body?
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What differentiates macronutrients from micronutrients?
What differentiates macronutrients from micronutrients?
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Which hormone is primarily associated with the absorptive state?
Which hormone is primarily associated with the absorptive state?
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Which of the following describes catabolism?
Which of the following describes catabolism?
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What occurs during amino acid catabolism?
What occurs during amino acid catabolism?
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What is the primary source of energy the body uses during starvation?
What is the primary source of energy the body uses during starvation?
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Which factor does NOT influence Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
Which factor does NOT influence Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
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What occurs when there is a negative energy balance?
What occurs when there is a negative energy balance?
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How does the body's BMR change during sleep?
How does the body's BMR change during sleep?
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What is the BMI classification for someone who has a BMI of 27?
What is the BMI classification for someone who has a BMI of 27?
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Which of the following is a not a basic dietary principle suggested?
Which of the following is a not a basic dietary principle suggested?
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BMR is primarily reflective of the energy needed for what?
BMR is primarily reflective of the energy needed for what?
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What type of compounds are primarily conserved during periods of starvation?
What type of compounds are primarily conserved during periods of starvation?
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During the post-absorptive state, which macronutrient is used last for energy?
During the post-absorptive state, which macronutrient is used last for energy?
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What is the expected change in BMR during prolonged starvation?
What is the expected change in BMR during prolonged starvation?
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Study Notes
BIO 102 Anatomy and Physiology - Chapter 24: Nutrition and Metabolism
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Learning Objectives:
- Define and describe nutrient, macronutrient, micronutrient, essential nutrient, RDA, caloric balance, nitrogen balance, BMI, BMR, calorie, and metabolism (anabolism, catabolism)
- Describe anabolic and catabolic processes of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism; explain processes related to absorptive (fed) and post-absorptive (fasted) states; identify major hormones associated with those states
- Explain how neural and hormonal factors regulate food intake
Nutrients
- Nutrients are chemical substances from the environment needed for survival, growth, repair, and maintenance of the body
- Macronutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, fats
- Micronutrients: vitamins, minerals
- Essential nutrients: cannot be synthesized by human cells; include certain fatty acids, amino acids, and vitamins
Energy Values of Food
- Calorie (kilocalorie): amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C
- Carbohydrates: 4.1 calories per gram
- Proteins: 4.1 calories per gram
- Lipids: 9.5 calories per gram
Stages of Metabolism
- Stage 1: Digestion in the GI tract breaks down nutrients into absorbable units and transports them to tissues
- Stage 2: Tissue cells use the absorbed nutrients for anabolism (building macromolecules) or catabolism (breaking down nutrients)
- Stage 3: Mitochondria perform oxidative breakdown of nutrient products, releasing CO2, producing water, and forming ATP
Carbohydrate Utilization
- Disaccharides include sucrose, lactose, and maltose
- Monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose
- Glucose is the body's primary carbohydrate energy source
- Used for energy, producing certain molecules (ribose, deoxyribose), stored as glycogen in liver and muscles, and converted to fat and stored in adipose tissue
Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Glycolysis: converts glucose to pyruvic acid
- Glycogenesis: polymerizes glucose to form glycogen
- Glycogenolysis: hydrolyzes glycogen to glucose monomers
- Gluconeogenesis: forms glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors
Lipid Metabolism
- The liver synthesizes lipids from fatty acids
- Triglycerides are a major form of lipid storage
- Lipoproteins transport lipids in the blood
- Key types of lipoproteins include Chylomicrons, VLDLs, LDLs and HDLs
- Beta oxidation converts fatty acids to acetyl CoA
- Lipolysis breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
- Lipogenesis forms lipids from acetyl CoA and glycerol
Protein Metabolism
- Proteins are broken down into amino acids
- Amino acids can be used to make new proteins or to produce energy
- Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body
- Transamination transfers an amine group from one amino acid to a keto acid, producing a different amino acid
- Oxidative deamination removes the amine group from glutamic acid, producing ammonia and a-ketoglutaric acid
Nitrogen Balance
- Homeostatic state where the rate of protein synthesis equals the rate of protein breakdown and loss
- Positive nitrogen balance: protein synthesis exceeds protein breakdown (normal in children and pregnant women)
- Negative nitrogen balance: protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis (happens in times of stress, burns, infections, injuries, or poor nutrition)
Energy Requirements and Balance
- Basal metabolic rate (BMR): rate at which the body expends energy at rest
- Body Mass Index (BMI): measurement of body weight relative to height
- Energy balance: occurs when caloric intake equals caloric output, leads to weight gain or loss
Regulation of Appetite
- Short-term controls: vagal afferents, nutrient signals (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids) and gut hormones
- Long-term controls: signals from the hypothalamus, like insulin, leptin affecting appetite
###Dietary Guidelines
- Emphasize education
- Utilize resources like MyPlate
- Prioritize balanced food intake (fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, whole grains, low amounts of sugars)
- Follow healthy habits (exercise and reducing fast food)
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Description
Test your knowledge on nutrition and metabolism as covered in BIO 102 Anatomy and Physiology, Chapter 24. This quiz will explore key concepts such as nutrients, macronutrients, metabolic processes, and how the body regulates food intake. Understand the essential nutrients and their roles in the body.
