BIO 102: Bacteria Identification and Classification
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Questions and Answers

What are single-celled microorganisms that exist in diverse shapes, sizes, and environments?

Bacteria

Clinical samples can include ______, ______, and ______.

blood, urine, sputum

Which of the following are examples of environmental samples? (Select all that apply)

  • Tissue biopsies
  • Blood
  • Water (correct)
  • Soil (correct)
  • Food samples are used in the food industry to ensure safety and quality.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Gram staining differentiate bacteria based on?

    <p>Cell wall structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a bacterium that is identified as catalase positive.

    <p>Staphylococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Oxidase test?

    <p>Detects the presence of cytochrome c oxidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bacteria is identified as a facultative anaerobe?

    <p>Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following bacteria with their classification based on oxygen requirement:

    <p>Mycobacterium tuberculosis = Obligate Aerobes Clostridium botulinum = Obligate Anaerobes Escherichia coli = Facultative Anaerobes Helicobacter pylori = Microaerophiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria cannot survive in the presence of oxygen?

    <p>Obligate Anaerobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of medium is MacConkey Agar?

    <p>Selective media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following examples are Gram-positive bacteria? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Streptococcus pyogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a bacterium that forms nitrogen-fixing nodules on leguminous plants.

    <p>Rhizobium leguminosarum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria creates a symbiotic relationship with plants to aid in nitrogen fixation?

    <p>Symbiotic Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All strains of Escherichia coli are harmful.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most potent toxin known, produced by Clostridium botulinum?

    <p>Botulinum toxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Mpox formerly known as?

    <p>Monkey pox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What virus causes Mpox?

    <p>Monkey pox virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can Mpox be transmitted to humans?

    <p>Physical contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common symptoms of Mpox?

    <p>Headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the laboratory confirmation method for Mpox?

    <p>PCR testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mosquito is primarily responsible for the transmission of Zika virus?

    <p>Aedes mosquito</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Zika virus transmission can occur through blood transfusion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hepatitis refer to?

    <p>Inflammatory condition of the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hepatitis types with their transmission route:

    <p>Hepatitis A = Exposure to contaminated food or water Hepatitis B = Contact with body fluids Hepatitis C = Contact with blood Hepatitis E = Exposure to contaminated food or water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hepatitis types causes both acute and chronic infections?

    <p>Hepatitis B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do viruses usually enter the body of their host?

    <p>Through mucous membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses is classified as a DNA virus?

    <p>Adenovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viruses cannot replicate without infecting a host cell.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a virion?

    <p>An individual virus particle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common viral infection?

    <p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of virus mainly infects plants?

    <p>Plant viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of rabies?

    <p>Dog bites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The virus that causes the flu is known as the _____ virus.

    <p>influenza</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one health risk associated with HIV?

    <p>Compromised immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of virus can be transmitted through sexual contact?

    <p>HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following viral infections with their symptoms:

    <p>Common cold = Stuffy nose, sneezing, sore throat HIV/AIDS = Compromised immune system Chickenpox = Itchy rash with blisters Measles = Fever and red rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are common sample types for clinical samples? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Gram Staining technique used for?

    <p>To differentiate bacteria based on their cell wall structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ Test differentiates bacteria based on their ability to produce the enzyme catalase.

    <p>Catalase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic does MacConkey Agar differentiate?

    <p>Lactose fermenters from non-fermenters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are autotrophic bacteria?

    <p>Bacteria that can produce their own food using sunlight or chemical energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Facultative anaerobes can only survive in the presence of oxygen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following bacterial classifications with their examples:

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus = Gram-positive Bacteria Escherichia coli = Gram-negative Bacteria Rhizobium leguminosarum = Symbiotic Bacteria Salmonella enterica = Pathogenic Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the capsid in a virus?

    <p>Acts as a protective coating for genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of samples might be used in research studies involving genetically modified organisms?

    <p>Synthetic constructs or model organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viruses can replicate independently outside of a host cell.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is an example of an obligate anaerobe?

    <p>Clostridium botulinum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Identification of Bacteria

    • Bacteria are diverse single-celled microorganisms characterized by unique cell wall structures and metabolic processes.
    • Sample collection methods include clinical specimens (blood, urine, tissue), environmental samples (soil, water), food samples, industrial samples, and research samples.
    • Culture-Based Methods involve using selective and differential media to encourage the growth of specific bacterial colonies.

    Examination Methods

    • Macroscopic Examination: Observations of colony morphology such as size, shape, color, texture, and margins can indicate bacterial identity.
    • Microscopic Examination:
      • Gram Staining: Differentiates bacteria into Gram-positive (purple) and Gram-negative (pink) based on cell wall composition.
      • Observations of cell morphology and presence of structures like flagella/capsules.
    • Biochemical Tests: Assess metabolic capabilities, including tests for catalase, oxidase, indole production, citrate utilization, coagulase, and sugar fermentation, with specific bacteria as examples.
    • Molecular Techniques:
      • PCR: Amplifies bacterial DNA for identification.
      • 16S rRNA Sequencing: Analyzes conserved genetic regions for bacterial classification.
      • Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS): Provides extensive genetic information for accurate identification.
    • Serological Methods: Use antibodies to detect bacterial antigens, including ELISA and Western Blotting.
    • Anaerobic Culture Techniques: Specialized methods for bacteria requiring anaerobic conditions.

    Types of Bacterial Isolation Media

    • General Purpose Media: Nutrient Agar supports growth of diverse non-fastidious bacteria.
    • Enriched Media: Blood Agar and Chocolate Agar support fastidious bacteria and differentiate based on hemolytic properties.
    • Selective Media: MacConkey and Mannitol Salt Agar selectively grow certain bacteria and differentiate based on metabolic characteristics.
    • Differential Media: EMB and XLD provide visual differentiation of lactose fermenters and specific pathogens.
    • Specialized Media: TCBS for Vibrio and Lowenstein-Jensen Medium for Mycobacterium species.

    Classification of Bacteria

    • Based on Cell Wall Composition:
      • Gram-positive (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus) versus Gram-negative (e.g., Escherichia coli).
    • Morphological Classification:
      • Cocci: Spherical bacteria (e.g., Micrococcus luteus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae).
      • Bacilli: Rod-shaped bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae).
      • Spirilla: Spiral-shaped (e.g., Spirillum minus).
      • Vibrios: Curved rod-shaped (e.g., Vibrio cholerae).
      • Pleomorphic: Variable shape (e.g., Mycoplasma pneumoniae).

    Oxygen Requirements Classification

    • Obligate Aerobes: Require oxygen (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis).
    • Obligate Anaerobes: Cannot survive in oxygen (e.g., Clostridium botulinum).
    • Facultative Anaerobes: Can utilize both aerobic and anaerobic respiration (e.g., Escherichia coli).
    • Microaerophiles: Require lower than atmospheric oxygen levels (e.g., Helicobacter pylori).
    • Aerotolerant Anaerobes: Can tolerate oxygen but do not use it (e.g., Lactobacillus species).

    Metabolic Characteristics

    • Autotrophic Bacteria: Use inorganic substances (e.g., Nitrosomonas europaea).
    • Heterotrophic Bacteria: Rely on organic compounds (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa).

    Ecological Roles

    • Symbiotic Bacteria: Form relationships with hosts (e.g., Rhizobium leguminosarum).
    • Pathogenic Bacteria: Cause diseases (e.g., Salmonella enterica).

    Systematic Classification of Bacteria

    • Domain: Bacteria
    • Kingdom: Eubacteria
    • Phylum Examples:
      • Firmicutes: Bacillus subtilis (produces antibiotics).
      • Proteobacteria: Includes various classes, each with significant examples (e.g., Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Betaproteobacteria).
      • Actinobacteria: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (common pathogen).
      • Cyanobacteria: Anabaena sp. (nitrogen fixation).
      • Spirochaetes: Borrelia burgdorferi (causes Lyme disease).

    Identification and Classification of Bacteria

    • Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms with diverse shapes and environments.
    • Basic characteristics include cell wall structure, reproduction, and genetic diversity.

    Sample Collection and Preparation

    • Samples collected using sterile techniques from:
      • Clinical sources: blood, urine, sputum, cerebrospinal fluid, tissue biopsies, swabs.
      • Environmental sources: soil, water, air, healthcare surfaces.
      • Food sources: meats, dairy, fruits, processed foods.
      • Industrial sources: biofilms, fermentation products, waste.
      • Research sources: model organisms, genetically modified bacteria, environmental DNA.

    Methods of Examination

    • Culture-Based Methods: Use selective and differential media to promote growth of specific bacteria.
    • Macroscopic Examination: Colony morphology provides initial identification clues based on size, shape, and color.
    • Microscopic Examination:
      • Gram Staining differentiates bacteria into Gram-positive (purple) or Gram-negative (pink).
      • Observes cell shape, arrangement, and specific structures (e.g., flagella).
    • Biochemical Tests assess metabolic capabilities (e.g., catalase test differentiates Staphylococcus from Streptococcus).
    • Molecular Techniques: PCR amplifies bacterial DNA for identification.
    • Serological Methods: Use antibodies to detect bacterial antigens (e.g., ELISA).
    • Anaerobic Culture Techniques: Specialized methods for bacteria requiring low oxygen conditions.

    Types of Bacterial Isolation Media

    • General Purpose Media:
      • Nutrient Agar (NA) supports various non-fastidious bacteria.
    • Enriched Media:
      • Blood Agar (BA) used for fastidious bacteria, identifies hemolytic properties.
      • Chocolate Agar (CHOC) supports growth of respiratory bacteria.
    • Selective Media:
      • MacConkey Agar (MAC) selects for Gram-negative bacteria.
      • Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) differentiates staphylococci.
    • Differential Media:
      • Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMB) differentiates lactose fermenters.
      • Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate Agar (XLD) used for enteric pathogens.
    • Specialized Media:
      • Thiosulfate-Citrate-Bile Salts-Sucrose Agar (TCBS) selects for Vibrio species.
      • Lowenstein-Jensen Medium (LJ) selects for Mycobacterium species.

    Classification of Bacteria

    • Based on Cell Wall Composition:

      • Gram-positive: e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, causes skin infections.
      • Gram-negative: e.g., Escherichia coli, can cause foodborne illness.
    • Based on Morphology:

      • Cocci: spherical shapes (e.g., Streptococcus pyogenes).
      • Bacilli: rod shapes (e.g., Escherichia coli).
      • Spirilla: spiral shapes (e.g., Treponema pallidum).
      • Vibrios: comma-shaped (e.g., Vibrio cholerae).
      • Pleomorphic: variable shapes (e.g., Mycoplasma pneumoniae).
    • Based on Oxygen Requirement:

      • Obligate Aerobes: need oxygen (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis).
      • Obligate Anaerobes: cannot tolerate oxygen (e.g., Clostridium botulinum).
      • Facultative Anaerobes: can use oxygen or ferment (e.g., Escherichia coli).
      • Microaerophiles: need low oxygen levels (e.g., Helicobacter pylori).
      • Aerotolerant Anaerobes: tolerate oxygen, ferment energy (e.g., Lactobacillus).
    • Based on Metabolic Characteristics:

      • Autotrophic: e.g., Nitrosomonas europaea, oxidizes ammonia.
      • Heterotrophic: e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, opportunistic pathogen.
    • Based on Ecological Roles:

      • Symbiotic: e.g., Rhizobium leguminosarum, aids plant nitrogen fixation.
      • Pathogenic: e.g., Salmonella enterica, causes salmonellosis.

    Systematic Classification of Bacteria

    • Bacteria classified into hierarchical categories based on evolutionary relationships.

    • Domain: Bacteria, part of the three life domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya.

    • Kingdom: Eubacteria.

    • Phylum Examples:

      • Firmicutes (Bacilli): e.g., Bacillus subtilis.
      • Proteobacteria (Gammaproteobacteria): e.g., Escherichia coli.
      • Actinobacteria: e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
      • Cyanobacteria: e.g., Anabaena sp.
      • Spirochaetes: e.g., Borrelia burgdorferi.

    Virus Overview

    • Viruses are non-cellular infectious agents with genetic material (DNA or RNA) encased in a protein coating (capsid).
    • Require host cells for replication, leading to illnesses like respiratory infections and STIs.
    • Common viral infections include flu, COVID-19, chickenpox, and HIV/AIDS.
    • Smaller than bacteria, viruses range from 20-300 nm.
    • Cannot be classified as living or non-living due to characteristics of both.
    • Enter the host through mucous membranes or breaks in the skin.### Classification of Viruses
    • Classification based on nucleic acid presence: DNA viruses (single-stranded and double-stranded) and RNA viruses (single-stranded and double-stranded).
    • Examples of DNA viruses:
      • Single-stranded: Picornaviruses, Parvovirus.
      • Double-stranded: Adenovirus, Herpes virus.
    • Examples of RNA viruses:
      • Double-stranded: Reovirus.
      • Single-stranded: Poliovirus, Hepatitis A, Rabies virus, Influenza virus.
    • Classification based on replication properties:
      • Replication in cytoplasm: All RNA viruses except Influenza.
      • Replication in nucleus and cytoplasm: Influenza virus, Poxvirus.
      • Replication predominantly in nucleus: All DNA viruses except Poxvirus.
      • Double-stranded DNA intermediate replication: All DNA viruses, retroviruses, some tumor-causing RNA viruses.
      • Single-stranded RNA intermediate: All RNA viruses except Reovirus and tumor-causing RNA viruses.

    Host Range Classification

    • Animal viruses: Infect animal cells; notable examples include Influenza virus, Rabies virus, Herpes virus.
    • Plant viruses: Infect plant cells; examples include Potato virus, Tobacco mosaic virus.

    Transmission Modes

    • Airborne transmission: Through respiratory tract; examples include Swine flu and Rhinovirus.
    • Fecal-oral route: Contaminated food or water transmission; examples include Hepatitis A and Poliovirus.
    • Sexual transmission: Spread through intimate contact; examples include Retrovirus and Human papillomavirus.
    • Transfusion-related transmission: Through blood transfusions; examples include Hepatitis B and HIV.
    • Zoonotic transmission: Spread through animal bites; examples include Rabies virus and Ebola virus.

    Major Virus Types

    • Influenza viruses (Orthomyxoviridae): Cause flu; strains include A (avian flu, swine flu) and B.
    • Human herpesvirus (Herpesviridae): Causes oral/genital herpes, chickenpox, shingles, Epstein-Barr virus.
    • Coronaviruses: Include SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), and MERS; cause respiratory infections with serious outcomes.
    • Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Causes warts and some cancers; casual transmission is primarily sexual.
    • Enteroviruses: Affect intestinal tract; notable for causing polio and hand, foot, and mouth disease.
    • Flaviviruses: Often spread by mosquitoes; examples include Zika, West Nile, dengue, yellow fever.
    • Orthopoxviruses: Cause flu-like symptoms and rashes; examples include Cowpox and Mpox.
    • Hepatitis viruses: Affect the liver, with variants A-E differing in transmission and severity.
    • Oncoviruses: Can lead to cancer; include HPV and Human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8).

    Types of Viral Infections

    • Respiratory infections: Affect respiratory tract; examples include common cold, flu, COVID-19.
    • Digestive system infections: Affect stomach/intestines; examples include Norovirus, Hepatitis viruses.
    • Viral hemorrhagic fevers: Affect blood clotting; examples include Ebola and Yellow fever.
    • Sexually transmitted infections: Spread through sexual contact; examples include HIV, HPV.
    • Exanthematous infections: Cause skin rashes; examples include Measles, Chickenpox, Mpox.
    • Neurological infections: Attack nervous system; examples include Polio, Rabies.
    • Congenital infections: Passed from mother to child; examples include Zika, Rubella.

    Common Viral Diseases

    • Common cold: Caused primarily by Rhinoviruses, with symptoms including nasal congestion and cough.
    • Influenza: Respiratory infection with sudden onset, fever, muscle aches; vaccination is crucial for at-risk groups.
    • COVID-19: Caused by SARS-CoV-2, spread through respiratory droplets; severe cases require hospitalization.
    • Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV): Common in children and the elderly, causing cold-like symptoms.
    • Chickenpox: Highly contagious, causing itchy skin rash; preventive vaccines are available.
    • Measles: Airborne disease with symptoms including fever and rash; vaccination provides effective protection.
    • HIV/AIDS: Attacks immune system; transmitted sexually or through body fluids; management through antiretroviral therapy.
    • Human Papillomavirus: Causes warts and can lead to cancer; vaccination and regular check-ups can prevent complications.
    • Herpes infections: Painful blisters on skin, caused by HSV-1 and HSV-2; management is important though no cure exists.
    • Polio: Can cause paralysis; vaccination is essential for prevention.
    • Rabies: Transmitted via animal bites, leading to fatal outcomes without prompt treatment.
    • Mpox: Caused by monkeypox virus, presenting with skin rashes and flu-like symptoms.
    • Zika Virus: Mosquito-borne virus, asymptomatic in many cases but can cause birth defects in pregnancies.
    • Hepatitis: Involves liver inflammation caused by several viruses, differing in transmission routes and disease severity.

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    Description

    Explore the basic characteristics and classification of bacteria in this quiz. Learn about their unique structures, reproductive methods, and diverse environments. This module builds on concepts from BIO 101 to enhance your understanding of microbiology.

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