BIO 102: Unit 3 Specialized Cells and Cell Signaling Exam Study Guide
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of RNA?

  • To carry the genetic information for protein synthesis (correct)
  • To store genetic information in the nucleus
  • To regulate cell division
  • To provide energy for cellular processes

    • Which of the following nitrogenous bases is only found in DNA?

  • Uracil (U)
  • Adenine (A) (correct)
  • Cytosine (C)
  • Guanine (G)

    • How many rings are present in pyrimidines?

  • Two
  • Three
  • Four
  • One (correct)

    • Which part of a nucleotide is the portion without any phosphate groups?

    <p>Nucleoside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of DNA?

    <p>Carrying the genetic information for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of the stages in mitosis?

    <p>Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle comes after DNA replication?

    <p>G2 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of DNA polymerase?

    <p>Adding nucleotides to the 3' end of a DNA strand during replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is RNA usually found and stays in the cell?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nucleic acid has one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose?

    <p>Deoxyribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of primase at a replication fork?

    <p>Synthesizes RNA primers using the parental DNA as a template</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is involved in breaking, swiveling, and rejoining the parental DNA ahead of the replication fork?

    <p>Topoisomerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of G2 phase checkpoint in the cell cycle?

    <p>Prevents cells from entering mitosis with damaged DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence if cell division goes awry?

    <p>The end of continuity of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the leading and lagging strands in DNA replication?

    <p>Leading strand forms short fragments discontinuously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of helicase during DNA replication?

    <p>Unwinding DNA at the origins of replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is responsible for stabilizing unpaired DNA strands during replication?

    <p>Single-stranded binding proteins (SSBs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of DNA ligase in DNA replication?

    <p>Sealing DNA fragments together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme adds complementary bases to the leading strand during DNA replication?

    <p>DNA Polymerase III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of an operator in a bacterial operon?

    <p>Inhibiting gene transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of a control element in gene regulation?

    <p>Regulate transcription by binding to a transcription factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In inducible operons, like the Lac operon, when does the repressor leave the operator?

    <p>When lactose is present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a tumor suppressor gene?

    <p>Inhibit cell growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tryptophan in repressible operons like the Trp operon?

    <p>Acts as a corepressor to stop production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common feature among paracrine, synaptic, and endocrine signaling?

    <p>Release of ligands to reach target cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of a ligand-gated ion channel?

    <p>Allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cell signaling, what is the role of a second messenger?

    <p>Relays a signal to a cell's interior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of negative feedback loops in physiology?

    <p>Primary mechanism of homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of endocrine (hormonal) signaling?

    <p>Sends hormones through body fluids to affect distant target cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes the process where a signal molecule binds to a receptor protein in a lock-and-key fashion?

    <p>Reception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a second messenger in cellular signaling?

    <p>Transmits a signal to the cell's interior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are intracellular receptors typically located?

    <p>In the cytoplasm or nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an autocrine signaling mechanism work?

    <p>Affects the same cell that produces the signaling molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of signaling involves physical contact between cells?

    <p>Juxtacrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors respond to the binding of a signaling molecule by activating G proteins?

    <p>G protein-coupled receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of signaling, hormones typically travel through the circulatory system?

    <p>Endocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

    <p>Coordinates the endocrine and nervous systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of negative feedback in physiological regulation?

    <p>Maintains homeostasis by counteracting changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland secretes hormones directly into interstitial fluid?

    <p>Pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which an end product of a physiological process speeds up that process?

    <p>Positive feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a second messenger in cellular signaling?

    <p>Relays a signal to a cell's interior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define apoptosis and its significance.

    <p>Cell kills itself; Leads to cell death when something is wrong.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between autocrine and paracrine signaling?

    <p>Autocrine acts on the same cell that produces it, while paracrine acts on nearby cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the role of epinephrine in the body.

    <p>Mediates 'fight or flight' responses to short-term stresses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define negative feedback and provide an example in the context of physiology.

    <p>Accumulation of end product slows the process; Primary mechanism of homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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