Bilingualism and Phonological Processing Quiz

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What are the potential implications for future research based on the behavior of between-language cohorts in the given task?

Bilinguals may need to generate explicit phonological expectations in both languages for the target picture.

How do top-down connections influence the activation of competitors in the context of phonological mismatches?

Top-down connections from the target lead to the activation of competitors, resulting in reduced N400s to mismatches.

Explain the potential similarity in behavior between L2-cohort mismatches and within-language cohort mismatches.

Participants may develop explicit target expectation for L1 phonology, but L2 target phonology can still be activated.

What could be observed in bilinguals if between-language cohorts behave like within-language cohorts in the given task?

Bilinguals would need to generate explicit phonological expectations for the target picture in both languages. Signup and view all the answers

How do phonological representations get activated even when they are not explicitly expected?

Rhyme and tonal mismatches within-language can lead to the activation of phonological representations. Signup and view all the answers

What are some temporally sensitive measures that have been used to investigate spoken word processing within languages?

Eyetracking and ERPs Signup and view all the answers

What could be a potential area of exploration regarding L2-cohort mismatches and participant expectations?

Future research may explore how L1 target phonology is developed alongside activation of L2 target phonology. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Phonological Mapping Negativity (PMN) reflect?

Bottom-up phoneme mapping Signup and view all the answers

Describe the N400 component.

A negative-going central/posterior component peaking at 400 ms post-stimulus onset. Signup and view all the answers

How do eyetracking studies reveal competition in word recognition?

By showing more looks to items that are phonologically related to targets Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the N400 component in the study of spoken word processing?

It helps in understanding how words are identified correctly from the target language. Signup and view all the answers

How do ERPs contribute to investigating the dynamics of cross-language connections in bilinguals?

By characterizing the role of phonological similarity through components like PMN and N400. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference in processing cohorts vs. rhymes during picture/spoken-word matching.

Cohort mismatches result in no modulation of the PMN and late increased N400 negativity compared to unrelated and rhyme mismatches. Rhyme mismatches elicit a PMN and a reduced N400. Signup and view all the answers

What do the large late N400s for cohort mismatches reflect?

The large late N400s for cohort mismatches reflect the simultaneous mismatch of phonology and lexicality, and the effortful processing required when initial bottom-up information matches an expectation. Signup and view all the answers

How do rhyme mismatches differ from cohort mismatches in terms of brain responses?

Rhyme mismatches elicit a PMN and a reduced N400, while cohort mismatches show no modulation of the PMN and late increased N400 negativity. Signup and view all the answers

In what way are rhyme competitors activated in the brain during processing?

Rhyme competitors are activated via top-down connections, leading to facilitated recognition of rhyme mismatches. Signup and view all the answers

What has research shown about the differential modulation of the PMN and N400 for cohorts and rhymes?

Research has shown that the differential modulation of the PMN and N400 for cohorts and rhymes is robust across typical development in English and in other languages. Signup and view all the answers

How have future directions in research been influenced by the findings related to cohorts and rhymes?

Future directions in research have been influenced by the differential brain responses to cohorts and rhymes, leading to investigations in diverse languages and development stages. Signup and view all the answers