Bile Composition and Function Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What stimulates parietal and chief cells in the stomach?

  • Somatostatin released from the small intestine
  • Acetylcholine released from enteric nerve endings (correct)
  • Gastrin released from the stomach
  • Gastrin released from the pancreas

    • What primarily activates gastric secretion during the cephalic phase?

  • Distension of the small intestine
  • Vagal input (correct)
  • Gastrin release
  • Presence of the meal

    • What is a key mechanism that terminates gastric secretion after a meal moves to the small intestine?

  • Activation of stretch receptors in the stomach
  • Buffering of gastric acidity by meal constituents (correct)
  • Physical presence of the meal
  • Release of somatostatin

    • What provides energy to drive the proton pump in gastric parietal cells?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released into the bloodstream alongside protons during gastric secretion?

    <p>Bicarbonate ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is of major importance in digestion in pancreatic juice?

    <p>Enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for stimulating pancreatic enzyme secretion?

    <p>Cholecystokinin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main action of cholecystokinin (CCK) in relation to the gallbladder?

    <p>Contraction of the gallbladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect does cholecystokinin (CCK) have on gastric emptying?

    <p>Inhibits gastric emptying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are endocrine cells known as I cells located?

    <p>Upper small intestine mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the secretion of cholecystokinin (CCK)?

    <p>Contact of intestinal mucosa with digestion products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the locations where CCK is found, apart from I cells in the upper small intestine?

    <p>Brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of gastric secretion in the stomach?

    <p>To protect the stomach from self-digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells in the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor?

    <p>Parietal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the precursor of pepsin, an enzyme that initiates protein digestion?

    <p>Pepsinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone released by G cells in the antrum of the stomach triggers gastric secretion?

    <p>Gastrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells?

    <p>Absorbing vitamin B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stimulus triggers parietal cell secretion in the stomach?

    <p>Histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of bile in the body?

    <p>To dispose of cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component gives bile the golden yellow color?

    <p>Glucuronides of bile pigments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main components of bile when considering it as a digestive secretion?

    <p>Bile acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are bile acids synthesized?

    <p>From cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for the regulation of gastrointestinal functions after a meal?

    <p>Endocrine regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enterohepatic circulation related to in the text?

    <p>Bile production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ghrelin in the gastrointestinal system?

    <p>Stimulates growth hormone secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which peptide is involved in increasing the motility of the small intestine?

    <p>Substance P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the myenteric plexus in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Motor control of smooth muscle layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the enteric nervous system connect to the central nervous system?

    <p>Via parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the gastrointestinal tract is referred to as the 'little brain'?

    <p>Myenteric plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does substance P have on the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Increases the motility of the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Facilitate the absorption of nutrients and water into the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland produces saliva for initial digestion of starch?

    <p>Parotid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of saliva mostly controlled by?

    <p>Parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system influence saliva composition?

    <p>By decreasing proteinaceous content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of saliva in the oral cavity?

    <p>Initiate digestion of starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH nature of saliva in comparison to plasma?

    <p>Alkaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ secretes substances that aid in digestion along the length of the intestine?

    <p>Pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the substantial surface area of the intestine?

    <p>It enhances absorptive function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of secretion in the stomach is quantitatively the most significant according to the text?

    <p>Gastric phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main functions of saliva as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Facilitating swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the release of pancreatic enzymes controlled?

    <p>By hormonal control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What predominantly activates gastric secretion during the cephalic phase?

    <p>Vagal input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are most digestive enzymes in pancreatic juice released in inactive forms?

    <p>To avoid damage to the pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are packed with mitochondria to supply energy for the proton pump in the stomach?

    <p>Parietal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism terminates gastric secretion after a meal moves from the stomach into the small intestine?

    <p>Somatostatin release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of trypsin inhibitor in pancreatic secretion?

    <p>It prevents activation of trypsinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released into the bloodstream alongside protons during gastric secretion?

    <p>Bicarbonate ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gastrointestinal secretion contributes to the digestion and absorption of fats?

    <p>Bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do granules containing digestive enzymes exit the cells in the pancreas?

    <p>By exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gastric phase reflex further amplifies secretion during digestion?

    <p>'Vago-vagal' reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does increased acid secretion have on further gastrin secretion?

    <p>Inhibits further secretion of gastrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are endocrine cells known as I cells primarily located?

    <p>Mucosa of upper small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does ghrelin primarily influence growth hormone secretion?

    <p>By acting on receptors in the pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons primarily located in relation to the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>In the enteric nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ghrelin primarily stimulate when it acts directly on receptors in the pituitary gland?

    <p>Growth hormone secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the strategic roles of ghrelin in the gastrointestinal system?

    <p>Regulation of food intake through central control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the myenteric plexus in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Innervation of smooth muscle layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve fiber network is located between the outer longitudinal and middle circular muscle layers in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Myenteric plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many major networks of nerve fibers are intrinsic to the gastrointestinal tract based on the text?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily secreted by the stomach and influences the central control of food intake?

    <p>Ghrelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate number of neurons in the enteric nervous system compared to those in the whole human spinal cord?

    <p>Equal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trophic effect of CCK on the pancreas?

    <p>Enhances pancreas growth and maintenance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to I cells, where else is CCK found in the body?

    <p>Distal ileum and colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the increased secretion of CCK according to the text?

    <p>Contact of intestinal mucosa with digested peptides and amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of the peptide substance P in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Increases small intestine motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

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