Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is formed when barium chloride is added to urine containing sulfate radicals?
What is formed when barium chloride is added to urine containing sulfate radicals?
- Barium phosphate (correct)
- Barium bilirubinate
- Barium chloride
- Barium sulfate
Which color change indicates the presence of bilirubin when using Ferric chloride in the Fouchet’s test?
Which color change indicates the presence of bilirubin when using Ferric chloride in the Fouchet’s test?
- Yellow to green (correct)
- Blue to violet
- Green to blue
- Pink to purple
What does the biuret test detect in proteins?
What does the biuret test detect in proteins?
- Presence of amino acids
- Presence of peptide bonds (correct)
- Presence of carbohydrates
- Presence of lipids
Which amino acid does not yield a colored product in the ninhydrin reaction?
Which amino acid does not yield a colored product in the ninhydrin reaction?
What is the expected color reaction for proteins when treated with concentrated nitric acid in the xanthoproteic test?
What is the expected color reaction for proteins when treated with concentrated nitric acid in the xanthoproteic test?
Which reagent is used in the biuret test to produce a color reaction with proteins?
Which reagent is used in the biuret test to produce a color reaction with proteins?
What does the presence of color in the ninhydrin reaction signify?
What does the presence of color in the ninhydrin reaction signify?
Which compound when heated yields biuret and is related to the biuret test?
Which compound when heated yields biuret and is related to the biuret test?
What is indicated by a positive Millon-Nasse test?
What is indicated by a positive Millon-Nasse test?
What color does the solution turn during the Bromine Water Test for free tryptophan?
What color does the solution turn during the Bromine Water Test for free tryptophan?
Which reagent is used in the Pauly Reaction?
Which reagent is used in the Pauly Reaction?
What does a positive Lead Acetate test indicate?
What does a positive Lead Acetate test indicate?
What is the likely outcome when free tyrosine is tested?
What is the likely outcome when free tyrosine is tested?
Which amino acid is detected by the Hopkins-Cole test?
Which amino acid is detected by the Hopkins-Cole test?
What reaction occurs with substances containing the guanidino group in the Sakaguchi Reaction?
What reaction occurs with substances containing the guanidino group in the Sakaguchi Reaction?
What happens to a solution containing indole group in the presence of concentrated H2SO4?
What happens to a solution containing indole group in the presence of concentrated H2SO4?
What is the primary function of bile salts in digestion?
What is the primary function of bile salts in digestion?
Which substance is NOT an inorganic constituent of bile?
Which substance is NOT an inorganic constituent of bile?
What color is a positive reaction for bile salts in Pettenkofer’s test?
What color is a positive reaction for bile salts in Pettenkofer’s test?
What is a major function of lecithin in bile?
What is a major function of lecithin in bile?
What happens to bile salts when there is an obstruction in the biliary tract?
What happens to bile salts when there is an obstruction in the biliary tract?
In Smith's test for bile salts, what indicates a positive result?
In Smith's test for bile salts, what indicates a positive result?
What is the daily output range of bile?
What is the daily output range of bile?
What happens when sulfur powder is added to normal urine in Hay's test?
What happens when sulfur powder is added to normal urine in Hay's test?
Which amino acid does not readily lose sulfur when treated with strong alkali?
Which amino acid does not readily lose sulfur when treated with strong alkali?
What is the primary repeating unit in nucleic acids?
What is the primary repeating unit in nucleic acids?
Which of the following organisms contains 4% RNA by weight?
Which of the following organisms contains 4% RNA by weight?
What happens to nucleic acids when acids are added to alkaline solutions?
What happens to nucleic acids when acids are added to alkaline solutions?
Which tissue is noted to be the best source of DNA due to a high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio?
Which tissue is noted to be the best source of DNA due to a high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio?
What is one property of nucleic acids in relation to their solubility?
What is one property of nucleic acids in relation to their solubility?
What name is given to the process of breaking down proteins to release nucleic acids?
What name is given to the process of breaking down proteins to release nucleic acids?
Which method is not used in the purification of isolated nucleic acid?
Which method is not used in the purification of isolated nucleic acid?
What is the purpose of heating with alkali like NaOH in RNA isolation from yeast?
What is the purpose of heating with alkali like NaOH in RNA isolation from yeast?
Which method is NOT commonly used to prevent enzymatic browning?
Which method is NOT commonly used to prevent enzymatic browning?
What compound is formed when polyphenols react with PPO and oxygen?
What compound is formed when polyphenols react with PPO and oxygen?
What is usually included in solvent mixtures to extract RNA or proteins?
What is usually included in solvent mixtures to extract RNA or proteins?
What happens during the acid extraction at pH 4-5 in RNA isolation?
What happens during the acid extraction at pH 4-5 in RNA isolation?
Which of the following methods decreases contact with oxygen to prevent enzymatic browning?
Which of the following methods decreases contact with oxygen to prevent enzymatic browning?
Which statement about enzymatic browning is incorrect?
Which statement about enzymatic browning is incorrect?
What enzyme is primarily responsible for enzymatic browning?
What enzyme is primarily responsible for enzymatic browning?
Flashcards
Bile composition
Bile composition
Bile is a golden greenish-yellow, viscous liquid containing bile salts, cholesterol, lecithin, and bile pigments (bilirubin and diglucuronide). It has inorganic components like sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions.
Bile Salts Function
Bile Salts Function
Bile salts emulsify dietary fats, aiding in their absorption by the intestines.
Bile Salts Detection (Pettenkofer's Test)
Bile Salts Detection (Pettenkofer's Test)
A red color indicates the presence of bile salts in a chemical test using Pettenkofer's reagent.
Bile Salts Detection (Smith's Test)
Bile Salts Detection (Smith's Test)
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Cholesterol role in bile
Cholesterol role in bile
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Lecithin in bile
Lecithin in bile
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Bile Pigments
Bile Pigments
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Bile Output Range
Bile Output Range
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Fouchet's test
Fouchet's test
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Bile pigments in urine
Bile pigments in urine
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Ninhydrin reaction
Ninhydrin reaction
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Biuret test
Biuret test
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Proteins
Proteins
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Peptide bonds
Peptide bonds
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Xanthoproteic test
Xanthoproteic test
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Amino acids
Amino acids
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Millon-Nasse Test
Millon-Nasse Test
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Hopkins-Cole Test
Hopkins-Cole Test
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Bromine Water Test
Bromine Water Test
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Pauly Reaction
Pauly Reaction
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Lead Acetate Test
Lead Acetate Test
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Sakaguchi Reaction
Sakaguchi Reaction
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Protein Color Reactions
Protein Color Reactions
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Positive Color Reaction
Positive Color Reaction
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Amino Acid Reaction with Hypobromite
Amino Acid Reaction with Hypobromite
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
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DNA Source
DNA Source
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RNA Source
RNA Source
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Nucleic Acid Properties
Nucleic Acid Properties
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Nucleic Acid Isolation - Step 1
Nucleic Acid Isolation - Step 1
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Nucleic Acid Isolation - Step 2
Nucleic Acid Isolation - Step 2
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Nucleic Acid Isolation - Step 3
Nucleic Acid Isolation - Step 3
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RNA Isolation: Step 1
RNA Isolation: Step 1
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RNA Isolation: Step 2
RNA Isolation: Step 2
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RNA Isolation: Step 3
RNA Isolation: Step 3
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Enzymatic Browning
Enzymatic Browning
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Enzymatic Browning: Causes
Enzymatic Browning: Causes
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Preventing Enzymatic Browning
Preventing Enzymatic Browning
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Enzyme Inactivation Methods
Enzyme Inactivation Methods
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Minimizing Oxygen Contact
Minimizing Oxygen Contact
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Study Notes
Bile
- Bile is a golden greenish-yellow, viscous liquid
- It's intermittently discharged into the duodenum
- Daily output ranges from 700-1200 ml
- Bile aids digestion by breaking down fats into fatty acids
- These fatty acids are absorbed by the digestive tract
Organic Constituents of Bile
- Bile Salts (Sodium & Potassium Salts): Major organic component, emulsify fats, aid intestinal absorption. Appear in urine with biliary tract obstruction.
- Cholesterol: Converted into bile acids, secreted or transported into bile via ABCG5/G8
- Lecithin: Third major lipid component, primary source of choline in the body.
- Bile Pigments (Bilirubin and Diglucuronide): Third major lipid component of bile, main source of choline in the body.
Inorganic Constituents of Bile
- Sodium Ions
- Potassium Ions
- Chloride Ions
- Bicarbonate Ions
Tests for Bile Salts & Pigments
- Pettenkofer's Test: Red color indicates bile salts
- Smith's Test: Green ring at the junction of layers, indicates bile salts
- Hay's Test: Sulfur particles sink in urine with bile salts present; otherwise they float.
- Fouchet's Test: Oxidation of bilirubin to bilverdin using ferric chloride in trichloroacetic acid.
Color Reactions of Proteins & Amino Acids; Detection of Proteins, Lipids, and Carbohydrates
- Proteins are polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
- Hydrolysis of proteins yields amino acids.
- Proteins are essential for protoplasm, enzymes, and hormones.
- Amino acids and proteins react with reagents to produce colored products.
Color Reactions for Proteins & Amino Acids (continued)
- Ninhydrin Reaction: Used to estimate amino acids; results in a purple color for most amino acids, a yellow color for proline and hydroxyproline.
- Biuret Test: Detects peptide bonds, produces a violet color with increasing peptide bonds.
- Xanthoproteic Test: Detects aromatic rings in proteins via nitric acid reaction, forming a yellow color, which turns more intense with alkali.
- Millon-Nasse Test: Detects tyrosine, phenol, and thymol. Produces a colored complex.
- Hopkins-Cole Test: Detects tryptophan; results in a violet ring.
- Bromine Water Test: Detects tryptophan; produces a pinkish-lavender violet color in the alcohol layer.
Pauly Reaction
- Positive for histidine or tyrosine
- Reaction with NaNO2 and sulfanilic acid
- Gives red or orange color based on amino acid
Lead Acetate
- Positive for sulfur-containing amino acids (e.g., cysteine) when boiled with KOH and then treated with lead acetate (Pb(OAc)2)
Sakaguchi Reaction
- Positive for guanidino-containing compounds, such as arginine
- Uses alpha-naphthol and an oxidizing agent (e.g., sodium hypobromite)
- Gives a red or orange color
Nucleic Acids
- Biopolymers with mononucleotides as repeating units
- DNA and RNA are major components in cells (5-15% of dry weight)
- Nucleic acids are abundant in spleen, liver, and thymus.
- Nucleic acids have properties like being sparingly soluble in cold water, insoluble in alcohol, soluble in weak alkali, and precipitated with acids.
Isolation of Nucleic Acids
- Step 1: Cell membrane disruption to release nucleic acids
- Step 2: Treatment with reagents to dissociate nucleoproteins and denature proteins (e.g., detergents with phenol, solvent mixtures)
- Step 3: Purification of isolated nucleic acids (e.g., gradient centrifugation, gel electrophoresis, chromatography)
Isolation of RNA from Yeast
- Step 1: Heating with alkali (e.g., NaOH) to extract nucleic acids and water-soluble proteins, inactivating nucleases.
- Step 2: Acid extraction (pH 4-5) to separate nucleic acids from proteins and other substances.
- Step 3: Precipitation of RNA with alcohol, ether, or other organic solvents to remove lipids.
Enzymatic Browning
- Enzymatic activity causes rapid darkening of fruits and vegetables, especially after cutting or slicing
- The mechanism involves oxygen, polyphenoloxidases (PPOs), and phenolic compounds.
- Browning occurs when phenolic compounds come into contact with oxygen and PPO.
- Prevention methods include blanching, use of inhibitors, and lowering of pH.
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Description
Explore the vital role of bile in digestion, including its organic and inorganic constituents. This quiz covers essential functions such as fat emulsification and the tests used for bile salts and pigments. Gain a deeper understanding of bile's impact on health and digestion.
