40 Questions
What is a fundamental aspect of cell structure that allows eukaryotic cells to perform multiple biochemical processes simultaneously?
The compartmentalization of membranous structures
What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of their structural complexity?
The level of structural complexity
What is the primary function of chloroplasts and mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?
To store and utilize chemical energy
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic shared by all cells?
The presence of an endomembrane system
What is the term for the concept that cells have evolved over billions of years to develop specific structures and functions?
Evolution
What is the primary difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells in terms of their structural components?
Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, whereas prokaryotic cells do not.
Which of the following is NOT a emergent property of water due to its polarity?
Viscosity
What is the primary reason for the formation of ionic bonds between two elements?
The difference in electronegativity between the two elements is significant.
What is the term for the ability of an element to attract and hold onto electrons?
Electronegativity
Which of the following molecules would be classified as hydrophilic?
A molecule with a polar covalent bond
What is the primary function of phosphate groups in organic molecules?
To add energy to the molecule, making it less stable and more chemically reactive
What is the term for the process by which cells change the length of a carbon backbone?
Adding or removing carbons
What type of molecule is formed when a carboxyl group is added to a carbon backbone?
Organic acid
What is the primary structure of a protein?
The sequence of amino acids
What is the term for the process by which biological macromolecules are assembled?
Dehydration synthesis
What is the direction of water movement during osmosis?
From the side with lower total solute concentration to the side with higher total solute concentration
What type of transport proteins moves a single solute across the membrane?
Uniport proteins
What is the term for the process of bringing assemblages of molecules into a cell using the membrane itself?
Endocytosis
What type of receptors bind hydrophobic ligands that can freely pass through the membrane?
Cytoplasmic receptors
What primarily determines the secondary structure of a protein?
Hydrogen bonding between the carboxyl and amino groups
What is the advantage of signal transduction cascades in cell signaling?
They can amplify signals, create diversity of responses, and allow plasticity
What is the main function of transport proteins in cell membranes?
To allow for the facilitated diffusion of polar molecules and ions
What is the effect of a high proportion of saturated fatty acids on membrane fluidity?
It makes the membrane more viscous
What type of membrane protein is characterized by being partially hydrophobic and inserting into the hydrophobic region of the bilayer?
Integral membrane protein
What is the main difference between channel proteins and carrier proteins?
Channel proteins create aqueous pathways for the diffusion of ions, while carrier proteins move molecules across the membrane by changing shape
What is the primary function of the electron transport chain in the light reactions?
To pump hydrogen ions across the thylakoid membrane
What is the product of the carbon fixation phase of the Calvin Cycle?
Two 3C organic molecules
What is the primary function of photolysis in the light reactions?
To split water into oxygen and hydrogen ions
What is the primary function of the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration?
To oxidize acetyl-CoA to CO2
What is the primary function of ATP synthase in the light reactions?
To convert the proton gradient into ATP
What is the primary function of the enzyme complex ATP synthase in the mitochondria?
To generate ATP through the process of chemiosmosis
What is the primary consequence of the electron transport chain being unable to function in the mitochondria?
ATP can only be produced through glycolysis and fermentation
What is the role of deamination in the process of fermentation?
To recycle NADH back to NAD+
What is the primary role of beta-oxidation in the process of cellular respiration?
To break down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2
What is the primary difference between the investment and payoff phases of glycolysis?
The investment phase consumes ATP, while the payoff phase produces ATP
What is the primary difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions in terms of free energy change?
Anabolic reactions have a negative ΔG, while catabolic reactions have a positive ΔG
What is the role of ATP in reaction coupling?
To provide energy for endergonic reactions
What is the function of NADH in metabolic pathways?
To transfer energy through redox reactions
What is the purpose of allosteric effectors in enzyme regulation?
To inhibit or activate enzyme function
What is the relationship between enthalpy, entropy, and free energy in reactions?
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
Test your understanding of the fundamental concepts in biology, including structure-function relationships, emergent properties, and cell structure. Recognize examples of these big ideas and learn about cell membranes, cytoplasm, and ribosomes.
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