63 Questions
Which 2nd generation cephalosporin is commonly used for surgical prophylaxis and endocarditis?
Cefuroxime axetil (Ceftin)
Which subclass of 2nd generation cephalosporins is effective against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Bacteroides fragilis, and Clostridium perfringens?
Cefoxitin (Mefoxin)
Which cephalosporin is associated with extended gram-negative activity in addition to its 1st generation spectrum?
Ceftriaxone
For which condition is Cefixime (Suprax) particularly effective among the listed cephalosporins?
Gonorrhea
Which cephalosporin is classified as 5th generation and is effective against MRSA, VISA, and VRSA?
Ceftaroline fosamil (Teflaro)
What adverse effect is commonly associated with cephalosporins as a class of antibiotics?
Hypersensitivity reactions
What is the route of administration for Benzathine penicillin G (Bicillin L-A)?
Intramuscular (i.m.)
Which type of penicillin is specifically used against Pseudomonas infections?
Antipseudomonal penicillin
What is the primary mechanism of physiological action of beta-lactam antibiotics?
Disruption of cell wall synthesis
Which type of penicillin is effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?
Antistaphylococcal penicillins
What is the common route of administration for Penicillin V?
Oral (p.o.)
Which bacterial species is NOT included in the list of organisms mentioned in the text?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Which class of antibiotics is described as having the 'broadest spectrum' in the text?
Penicillins
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of action of $eta$-lactam antibiotics described in the text?
Inducing cell lysis
Which of the following infections is NOT listed as a common indication for the use of piperacillin/tazobactam sodium (Zosyn)?
Endocarditis
Which characteristic of first-generation cephalosporins, such as cephalexin (Keflex) and cefazolin, is described in the text?
Activity against Staphylococci, streptococci, and pneumococci
Which bacterial enzyme is responsible for inactivation by b-lactam antibiotics?
Penicillinase
What is the contraindication for using most b-lactam antibiotics?
Previous b-lactam allergy
Which antibiotic is not cross-allergenic with other b-lactams?
Aztreonam
What is the mechanism of action of vancomycin?
Inhibits peptidoglycan polymerization
What is a common side effect of carbapenems?
Seizures
How does probenecid affect the renal excretion of penicillins and cephalosporins?
Inhibits renal tubular secretion
Which of the following is the primary spectrum of activity for penicillin G (Pen G)?
Non-penicillinase producing gram-positive bacteria, spirochetes, and meningococci
Which of the following penicillins is specifically designed for activity against staphylococci and streptococci?
Nafcillin
Which of the following penicillin combinations is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?
Ampicillin/sulbactam sodium (Unasyn)
Which of the following infections can be treated with penicillin G (Pen G)?
Syphilis and endocarditis
Which of the following penicillins has increased activity against gram-negative bacteria compared to penicillin G?
Amoxicillin/potassium clavulanate (Augmentin, Augmentin XR)
What is the primary target site for beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins and cephalosporins?
Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs)
Which of the following penicillin derivatives has the broadest spectrum of activity against gram-negative bacteria?
Piperacillin
Which of the following is a common side effect associated with the use of beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins and cephalosporins?
Hypersensitivity reactions
What is the primary mechanism of action of beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins and cephalosporins?
Inhibition of peptidoglycan cell wall synthesis
Which of the following penicillins is specifically used for the treatment of oral and pharyngeal infections?
Penicillin V
Which of the following is a key characteristic of the bactericidal activity of beta-lactam antibiotics?
Time-dependent bactericidal activity
Which factor is NOT considered when selecting the most appropriate antibiotic for a given infection?
Effect on natural flora
Which natural barrier limits the penetration of antibiotics to the site of infection?
Lipid solubility
Which category of antimicrobial agents treats a wide variety of microbial species?
Broad Spectrum
What can lead to superinfection by altering the nature of natural flora?
Broad-spectrum antibiotics
Which host factor can cause an antibiotic to accumulate to toxic levels in the body?
Hepatic dysfunction
Which microorganism group does isoniazid specifically act against?
Mycobacteria
Which of the following statements about extended-spectrum penicillins (aminopenicillins) is correct?
They have an amino group added to the penicillin structure, increasing activity against Gram-negative bacteria.
Which of the following bacterial infections would NOT be effectively treated by benzathine penicillin G (Bicillin L-A)?
Endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus
Which of the following statements about penicillin V is INCORRECT?
It is effective against Staphylococcus aureus infections.
Which of the following statements regarding antistaphylococcal penicillins is correct?
They are the drugs of choice for skin and soft tissue infections due to their activity against staphylococci and streptococci.
Which of the following statements about the spectrum of activity of penicillin G is INCORRECT?
It has activity against Gram-negative bacteria like Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli.
Which of the following statements regarding the administration of benzathine penicillin G (Bicillin L-A) is correct?
It is a depot formulation that releases the drug slowly over time after intramuscular injection.
What is the primary mechanism that confers resistance to vancomycin in VRSA strains?
Modification of the vancomycin binding site
Which antibiotic class is known to concentrate in breast milk and is therefore contraindicated during nursing?
Tetracyclines
Which of the following is a mechanism of resistance to macrolides in gram-positive bacteria?
Altered target site (50S subunit)
What is the primary reason for the synergistic activity observed when aminoglycosides are combined with cell wall inhibitors?
The combined effect disrupts both protein synthesis and cell wall synthesis simultaneously
Which of the following tetracycline antibiotics is most suitable for use in patients with renal impairment?
Doxycycline
Which antibiotic class is known to cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity as its most serious side effects?
Aminoglycosides
Which of the following statements about the pharmacokinetics of tetracyclines is correct?
They form non-absorbable chelates with multivalent cations and bind to tissues undergoing calcification
Which of the following antibiotics is specifically designed to be resistant to enzymatic inactivation, a common mechanism of resistance to aminoglycosides?
Amikacin
Which of the following statements best explains why aminoglycosides are considered concentration-dependent bactericidal agents?
Higher concentrations are required to exhibit a prolonged post-antibiotic effect
Which of the following statements accurately describes the spectrum of activity of macrolides?
Macrolides have a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
What is the primary difference between bacteriostatic and bactericidal agents?
Bacteriostatic agents block the bacteria from dividing, while bactericidal agents kill bacteria.
Why is it important to use bactericidal drugs for immunocompromised patients?
Immunocompromised patients need the bacteria to be killed directly rather than just inhibited.
Which drug combination is synergistic with any cell wall inhibitors?
Beta-lactams and aminoglycosides
What is a common disadvantage of combination therapy with antibiotics?
Antagonistic effects between antibiotics
In antibiotic resistance, what mechanism involves genetic alterations that may persist, be corrected, or be lethal?
Spontaneous mutations of DNA
Which alteration leads to resistance to certain antibiotics by altering target sites?
Altered protein expression
How does decreased accumulation of antibiotics contribute to antibiotic resistance?
Decreases penetration of antibiotics to their target sites
What enzyme inactivates beta-lactam antibiotics by destroying or rendering them inactive?
$Beta$-lactamase
Review indications, mechanisms of action, unintended effects, and acquired drug resistance for beta-lactam and other cell wall- and membrane-active antibiotics.
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