Questions and Answers
What is characterized by a left shift of immature precursor cells in the blood?
What is the normal count of neutrophils below which a person is at a high risk of infection?
Which of the following is a cause of selective neutropenia?
What is the count of lymphocytes above which lymphocytosis is diagnosed?
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Which of the following is a cause of lymphopenia?
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What is the normal count of monocytes above which monocytosis is diagnosed?
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Dohle bodies are seen in the cytoplasm of which type of cells?
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What is the term for a decrease in Neutrophil Alkaline Phosphatase (NAP) score?
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What is the term for an increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood?
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What is the term for a decrease in the number of white blood cells in the blood?
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What is the term for a reaction that mimics leukemia but is not a neoplastic process?
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What is the term for a blood picture characterized by the presence of early erythroid and myeloid cells?
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Which of the following is a cause of neutrophilia?
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What is the normal count of neutrophils in the blood?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of leukocytosis?
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What is the term for a decrease in the number of monocytes in the blood?
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What is the primary cause of monocytopenia?
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What is the characteristic count of eosinophils in eosinophilia?
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What is the cause of eosinopenia?
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What is the characteristic count of basophils in basophilia?
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What is the characteristic morphology of atypical lymphocytes?
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What is the primary characteristic of leukaemoid reaction?
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How is leukaemoid reaction differentiated from Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML)?
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What is the characteristic feature of neutrophils in leukaemoid reaction?
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What is the main difference between Leukoerythroblastic reaction and Leukaemoid reaction?
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of Leukoerythroblastic reaction?
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What is the characteristic of Chediak Higashi's anomaly?
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What is the inheritance pattern of May Hegglin anomaly?
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What is the clinical significance of Pelger Huet anomaly?
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What is the characteristic of May Hegglin anomaly in terms of platelets?
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What is the main feature of Leukoerythroblastic reaction that can be clinically significant?
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What is the consequence of Chediak Higashi's anomaly?
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Study Notes
Benign White Cell Disorders
- Leukocytosis: an increase in white blood cells (WBCs)
- Leukopenia: a decrease in WBCs
- Leukaemoid reaction: a reactive condition characterized by immature white cells and a left shift
- Leukoerythroblastic picture: a condition characterized by the presence of erythroblasts in addition to immature white cells
Types of Leukocytosis
- Neutrophilia: an increase in neutrophils
- Causes: bacterial infection, inflammation, metabolic disorder, acute hemorrhage, drugs, neoplasm, chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
- Characterized by: left shift, toxic granulation, vacuolation, and Dohle bodies
- Lymphocytosis: an increase in lymphocytes
- Causes: acute viral infections, chronic infections, thyrotoxicosis, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
- Monocytosis: an increase in monocytes
- Causes: chronic bacterial infections, viral infections, connective tissue diseases
- Eosinophilia: an increase in eosinophils
- Causes: allergic conditions, parasitic infections, drug sensitivity, hypereosinophilic syndrome
- Basophilia: an increase in basophils
- Causes: chicken pox infection, severe hypothyroidism
Types of Leukopenia
- Neutropenia: a decrease in neutrophils
- Causes: congenital, acquired, drugs, bone marrow failure, infections
- Lymphopenia: a decrease in lymphocytes
- Causes: cytotoxic drugs, irradiation, HIV infection
- Monocytopenia: a decrease in monocytes
- Causes: following prednisolone therapy
- Eosinopenia: a decrease in eosinophils
- Causes: stressful situations, adrenal corticoid release
Atypical Lymphocytes and Leukaemoid Reaction
- Atypical lymphocytes: characterized by abnormal morphology, bluish cytoplasm, and irregular cytoplasm/nucleus
- Leukaemoid reaction: a reactive condition characterized by immature white cells, toxic granulation, and Dohle bodies
- Causes: severe infections
- Differentiated from CML by NAP score and Philadelphia chromosome
Leukoerythroblastic Picture
- Characterized by the presence of erythroblasts in addition to immature white cells
- Causes: reactive, haemolysis, severe haemorrhage, bone marrow infiltration, lymphoma, leukemia, multiple myeloma
Anomalies (Morphology Alterations)
- Chediak-Higashi syndrome: characterized by giant granules in white cells, impairing normal function, autosomal recessive, and associated with recurrent infections, albinism, and easy bruising
- May Hegglin anomaly: characterized by basophilic inclusion, associated with giant platelet and thrombocytopenia, autosomal dominant, and clinically significant
- Pelger Huet anomaly: characterized by bilobed nucleus, autosomal dominant, and clinically normal
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Description
Test your knowledge on benign white cell disorders, including leukocytosis, leucopenia, leukaemoid reaction, and leukoerythroblastosis. Define these conditions and identify common associated conditions.
