Hematology Part 2: WBC Disorders

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Questions and Answers

What is the most common presenting symptom of recurrent neutropenia?

Fever

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (correct)

Lymphadenopathy

Mucosal bleeding

Which of the following accurately describes leukemia?

A gradual disease course progressing over years

Infection that primarily affects children

A condition limited only to adults

Proliferation of abnormal hematopoietic cells with impaired differentiation (correct)

What clinical manifestation is typically associated with acute leukemia?

Chronic fatigue syndrome

Bone marrow suppression (correct)

Migrating joint pain

Weight gain

Which type of leukemia is more frequently found in adults?

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of untreated leukemia?

Infection, bleeding, or both Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging tests are considered key diagnostic aids for conditions involving Waldeyer’s ring structures?

CT and PET scan Signup and view all the answers

What oral health issue is commonly associated with radiation therapy affecting cervical nodes?

Xerostomia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with multiple myeloma?

Increased appetite Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of osteoradionecrosis in patients who have undergone radiation therapy?

Radiation exposure Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with the clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells in multiple myeloma?

Recurrent infections Signup and view all the answers

What complication is often a concern for multiple myeloma patients requiring dental surgery?

Risk of hemorrhage Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lesions are typically observed in patients with multiple myeloma under radiographic examination?

Osteolytic lesions Signup and view all the answers

What preventive measure is recommended for patients undergoing radiation therapy to combat dental caries?

Topical fluoride varnish Signup and view all the answers

What is the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) threshold indicating neutrophilia?

Above 7,700/μL Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a possible etiology of granulocytosis?

Genetic mutations in ELA-2 Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of neutropenia?

Increased susceptibility to infections Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a known cause of cyclic neutropenia?

Inherited mutations in neutrophil elastase Signup and view all the answers

What treatment consideration is important for dental procedures in patients with neutropenia?

Consult physician for prophylactic antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary threshold for ANC to diagnose neutropenia?

Below 1,000/μL Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible noninfectious cause of granulocytosis?

Acute glomerulonephritis Signup and view all the answers

Neutropenia as a consequence of viral infections is commonly associated with which virus?

Epstein Barr virus (EBV) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common oral manifestation of mucositis caused by chemotherapy?

Pallor of oral mucosa Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant step to take before chemotherapy to avoid oral complications?

Conduct a prechemotherapy dental assessment Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic defines chronic leukemia as opposed to acute leukemia?

Presence of well differentiated cells in the bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is recommended for managing oral ulcers during chemotherapy?

Use of analgesics for pain management Signup and view all the answers

What is typically the first sign of chronic leukemia?

Asymptomatic enlargement of a supradiaphragmatic lymph node Signup and view all the answers

How should spontaneous gingival bleeding be managed?

Pressure application with absorbable gelatin and thrombin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following infections is associated with chemotherapy-induced mucositis?

Herpes simplex ulcers Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of untreated chronic leukemia?

Untreated clinical course leading to death in months Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hematology Part 2: White Blood Cell Disorders

Leukocytes (WBCs) are white blood cells. Different types include granular cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranular cells (lymphocytes, monocytes). Specific percentages for each are provided.

Quantitative Leukocyte Disorders

Granulocytosis: An abnormally high number of granulocytes, typically neutrophils, often associated with an increased WBC count (greater than 11,000/µL) and an elevated absolute neutrophil count (ANC greater than 7,700/µL). Causes include infections, stress, pregnancy, and myeloproliferative disorders, as well as metabolic conditions and poisoning.
Neutropenia (Granulocytopenia): A decreased number of granulocytes, particularly neutrophils (ANC less than 1000/μL), increasing susceptibility to infections. Causes include transient marrow suppression, drug-induced effects, and autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.
Leukemia: A cancer of the blood characterized by abnormal proliferation of hematopoietic cells. Results in marrow failure. Classified as acute (e.g., Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL), Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) ) or chronic (e.g., Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia).
Lymphoma: Malignant neoplasm of lymphoid tissue, often categorized as Hodgkin's lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, or Burkitt's lymphoma.

Oral Health Considerations

Prophylactic antibiotics are sometimes recommended before dental procedures.
Patients with WBC disorders may need physician consultation.
Patients receiving radiation therapy may experience salivary gland issues (xerostomia) and an increased risk of osteoradionecrosis (bone damage).
Multiple Myeloma (MM): A cancer of plasma cells, often causing focal osteolytic lesions in the bone marrow and jawbone (mandible is more frequently affected than maxilla).
Cyclic Neutropenia: An inherited disorder characterized by recurring cycles of low neutrophil counts, with symptoms like fever, mouth ulcers, and infections. The cycle typically repeats every 21 days, lasting 3-5 days.
Oral Manifestations: Various oral manifestations may accompany these conditions, including gingival hyperplasia, oral ulcerations, and infections. Attention to oral health is a crucial aspect of treatment and management of these disorders

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Description

Dive into the critical concepts of white blood cell disorders in hematology. This quiz covers key topics including granulocytosis, neutropenia, and leukemia, providing insights into their causes and implications. Test your understanding of the various leukocyte classifications and their significance in health and disease.