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What is the most common macroscopic appearance of a benign surface epithelial tumour?
A 60-year-old woman presented with a six-week history of vaginal bleeding. Examination of the vulva, vagina and cervix are normal. She has endometrial thickening on ultrasound.
What cancer do you suspect?
What is NOT a risk factor that is associated with endometroid cancer?
What is the most common histological type for endometroid cancer?
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What is the main staging system for endometroid cancer?
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Explain the difference in the histology between well and poorly-differentiated forms of this cancer.
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According to the World Health Organisation's (WHO) definition, sexual health is not merely the absence of sexual dysfunction or disease.
What is NOT a component of the WHO definition of sexual health?
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In relation to treatment and spread, why is it important to distinguish between STDs and STIs?
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The IMB (information, motivation, behavioural skills) model proposes that behaviour change is the result of three factors.
Complete the blanks in the diagram below as they relate to condom use for STI prevention, so that each box contains the NAME of the component and an EXAMPLE of this component (the first box has been completed for you).
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The CT scan below is from a 36-year-old man with bilateral testicular mixed germ cell tumours. What is NOT a possible tumours/cancers present in a mixed germ cell tumor?
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What is NOT a tumour marker, associated when assessed in testicular cancer?
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What is NOT a prognostic feature in testicular cancer.
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What is NOT a type of treatment available for testicular cancer?
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Rates of gonorrhoea diagnosed in GUM 1918- 2016
Rates of gonorrhoeal infections increased between 1996 and 2004.
What is NOT a possible reasons for this?
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What type of organism (be specific) is responsible for gonorrhoea?
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What is not a long-term consequence of untreated gonorrhoea infection in a woman.
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What is the name AND type of the causative agent responsible for genital warts?
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Study Notes
Benign Surface Epithelial Tumours
- Common macroscopic appearance includes a well-defined mass with a smooth surface.
- Typically do not invade underlying tissues.
Cancer Suspected in 60-Year-Old Woman
- Endometrial carcinoma is suspected due to symptoms of vaginal bleeding and endometrial thickening.
Risk Factors for Endometrial Cancer
- Common risk factors include obesity, diabetes, and unopposed estrogen exposure.
- NOT associated: Early menopause.
Histological Type of Endometrioid Cancer
- Most common histological type is endometrioid adenocarcinoma.
Staging System for Endometrial Cancer
- Main staging system is FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) staging.
Histology Differentiation in Endometrioid Cancer
- Well-differentiated tumors exhibit glandular structures resembling normal endometrial tissue.
- Poorly differentiated tumors show less glandular architecture and more atypical cells.
World Health Organization's Definition of Sexual Health
- Definition emphasizes psychological and social well-being in relation to sexuality.
- NOT a component: Merely the absence of dysfunction or disease.
Importance of Distinguishing STDs from STIs
- Understanding differences helps in treatment approaches and understanding transmission dynamics.
IMB Model for Condom Use in STI Prevention
- Information: Accurate knowledge about STIs (e.g. understanding transmission).
- Motivation: Personal reasons for using condoms (e.g. desire to protect partner).
- Behavioural Skills: Ability to correctly use condoms (e.g. demonstrating proper application).
Mixed Germ Cell Tumours
- Tumours in a mixed germ cell tumor can include seminomas and non-seminomas.
- NOT possible: Mesothelioma.
Tumour Markers in Testicular Cancer
- Common markers include alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).
- NOT a tumour marker: CA-125.
Prognostic Features of Testicular Cancer
- Key prognostic features include tumor size and lymph node involvement.
- NOT a prognostic feature: Patient's age.
Treatment Options for Testicular Cancer
- Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
- NOT a treatment: Watchful waiting.
Gonorrhoea Rates and Trends
- Rates consistently increased from 1996 to 2004.
- NOT a potential reason: Improved diagnostic techniques.
Pathogen Responsible for Gonorrhoea
- Causative agent is Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a Gram-negative bacterium.
Consequences of Untreated Gonorrhoea in Women
- Long-term consequences may include infertility and pelvic inflammatory disease.
- NOT a long-term consequence: Acute urinary retention.
Genital Warts Causative Agent
- Caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), specifically types 6 and 11.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the most common macroscopic appearance of benign surface epithelial tumours with this quiz. Identify key characteristics and enhance your understanding of these types of tumours.
