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Questions and Answers
What component in the ABC model describes what happened immediately before a behavior?
What component in the ABC model describes what happened immediately before a behavior?
Shaping involves teaching a behavior all at once rather than gradually.
Shaping involves teaching a behavior all at once rather than gradually.
False
What is the primary goal of chaining in behavioral therapy?
What is the primary goal of chaining in behavioral therapy?
To teach a complex task by breaking it down into smaller components.
In prompting, a _______ cue, such as a verbal instruction, is used to trigger a response.
In prompting, a _______ cue, such as a verbal instruction, is used to trigger a response.
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Match the following examples with their corresponding activities:
Match the following examples with their corresponding activities:
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Who is known for pioneering research in classical conditioning involving the 'Little Albert' experiment?
Who is known for pioneering research in classical conditioning involving the 'Little Albert' experiment?
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In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when a conditioned response strengthens.
In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when a conditioned response strengthens.
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What is the term used when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus?
What is the term used when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus?
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In classical conditioning, a ______ can lead to a conditioned response after repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus.
In classical conditioning, a ______ can lead to a conditioned response after repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Which psychologist emphasized the objective observation and measurement of behavior?
Which psychologist emphasized the objective observation and measurement of behavior?
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Generalization of stimulus allows a conditioned response to emerge from similar stimuli.
Generalization of stimulus allows a conditioned response to emerge from similar stimuli.
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What term refers to the process of reintroducing the unconditioned stimulus to maintain the desired conditioned response?
What term refers to the process of reintroducing the unconditioned stimulus to maintain the desired conditioned response?
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Which type of reinforcement is characterized by reinforcing a behavior every fourth or fifth time?
Which type of reinforcement is characterized by reinforcing a behavior every fourth or fifth time?
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Variable-Ratio Reinforcement has a low extinction rate.
Variable-Ratio Reinforcement has a low extinction rate.
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Name one consequence of changing from positive punishment to positive reinforcement.
Name one consequence of changing from positive punishment to positive reinforcement.
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In _____________ reinforcement, the reinforcement is given at a specific time after a behavior occurs.
In _____________ reinforcement, the reinforcement is given at a specific time after a behavior occurs.
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Match the type of reinforcement with its characteristics:
Match the type of reinforcement with its characteristics:
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Which reinforcement schedule is similar to gambling, due to its nature of unpredictable rewards?
Which reinforcement schedule is similar to gambling, due to its nature of unpredictable rewards?
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What type of responses increase the probability of a behavior being repeated?
What type of responses increase the probability of a behavior being repeated?
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Positive punishment leads to a higher response rate compared to reinforcement.
Positive punishment leads to a higher response rate compared to reinforcement.
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B.F. Skinner argued that internal mental events should be the primary focus of study in psychology.
B.F. Skinner argued that internal mental events should be the primary focus of study in psychology.
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What is the response rate during continuous reinforcement?
What is the response rate during continuous reinforcement?
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What did Skinner use to demonstrate operant conditioning?
What did Skinner use to demonstrate operant conditioning?
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Responses from the environment that both increase and decrease the probability of a behavior being repeated are called __________.
Responses from the environment that both increase and decrease the probability of a behavior being repeated are called __________.
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Match the terms to their definitions:
Match the terms to their definitions:
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Which of the following best defines 'punishment' in the context of behavior analysis?
Which of the following best defines 'punishment' in the context of behavior analysis?
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Thorndike's Puzzle Box contributed to the development of operant conditioning principles.
Thorndike's Puzzle Box contributed to the development of operant conditioning principles.
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What term describes when responses produce a discomforting effect, leading to a reduced likelihood of occurrence?
What term describes when responses produce a discomforting effect, leading to a reduced likelihood of occurrence?
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Which type of conditioning involves the neutral stimulus being presented at the same time as the unconditioned stimulus?
Which type of conditioning involves the neutral stimulus being presented at the same time as the unconditioned stimulus?
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Fear responses in Little Albert were innate and not learned through association.
Fear responses in Little Albert were innate and not learned through association.
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What phenomenon describes Little Albert's fear of a variety of white objects after the conditioning?
What phenomenon describes Little Albert's fear of a variety of white objects after the conditioning?
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In operant conditioning, behavior that is ________ will likely be repeated.
In operant conditioning, behavior that is ________ will likely be repeated.
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Match the following conditioning types with their descriptions:
Match the following conditioning types with their descriptions:
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What was one of the implications of Watson's work with Little Albert?
What was one of the implications of Watson's work with Little Albert?
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Operant conditioning emphasizes the role of consequences in shaping behavior.
Operant conditioning emphasizes the role of consequences in shaping behavior.
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Watson's theories were valuable assets in the field of ________.
Watson's theories were valuable assets in the field of ________.
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Study Notes
Behavioral Learning Theory
- Key figures include Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner.
- Pavlov's Classical Conditioning (1897): Learning involves environmental interaction. A neutral stimulus is followed by a naturally occurring reflex, eventually creating a learned response.
- Pavlov's example: dogs associating a bell (neutral stimulus) with food (unconditioned stimulus), leading to salivation (unconditioned response) even in response to just the bell (conditioned response).
- Unconditioned stimulus: Naturally triggers a response (food).
- Unconditioned response: Natural automatic response (salivation).
- Conditioned stimulus: Previously neutral stimulus that, after association, now triggers a response (bell).
- Conditioned response: Learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (salivation).
- Key elements of Classical Conditioning: Acquisition, Extinction, and Generalization.
Acquisition
- Requires associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.
- Repeated reinforcement strengthens the learned response.
Extinction
- Weakening or disappearance of a learned response.
- Requires the absence of the unconditioned stimulus (the reinforcer).
Generalization
- Learned response to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.
- Example: Albert's fear generalized from white rats to other white objects.
John B. Watson
- Little Albert Experiment (1920): Demonstrated that emotional responses can be learned and unlearned).
- Emphasized objectivity, scientific methodology, and the primacy of learning and environmental influences in shaping behavior.
- Believed innate instincts could be modified by experience.
B.F. Skinner (Operant Conditioning, 1937)
- Operant conditioning emphasizes learning through consequences of behavior.
- Reinforcement (reward) increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
- Punishment decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
- Believed observable behavior, rather than internal mental events, was the focus of study.
- He found that schedules of reinforcement influence behavior differently.
Schedules of Reinforcement
- Continuous Reinforcement: Rapid learning but quick extinction if reinforcement stops.
- Fixed-Ratio: Specific number of responses leads to reinforcement; high response rate.
- Fixed-Interval: Reinforcement after a set amount of time; moderate response rate.
- Variable-Ratio: Reinforcement after a variable number of responses; very high response rate, high resistance to extinction.
- Variable-Interval: Reinforcement after a variable amount of time; moderate to high response levels.
- Skinner Box: Instrumental conditioning is demonstrated in experiments with rats or other animals.
Three Types of Responses
- Neutral operants do not effect the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
- Reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will be repeated.
- Punishers decrease the probability that a behavior will be repeated.
ABC Analysis of Behavior
- Antecedent (prior event), Behavior (action or reaction), Consequence.
ABA techniques
- Shaping, Chaining, and Prompting.
Shaping
- Gradual alteration of behavior through rewards for successive approximations of the desired behavior.
Chaining
- Breaking a task into smaller components, teaching each component, and then chaining them together.
Prompting
- Cue to trigger the desired response (verbal, visual).
Total Task Chaining
- Teaches all steps of a task in a single session.
- Aids mastery of entire sequence with reinforcement and guidance.
- Forward Chaining (teaching steps sequentially) and Backward Chaining (teaching steps in reverse order).
Examples of behaviors that can be shaped or chained
- Baking cookies.
- Washing hands.
- Riding a bicycle.
- Assembling a puzzle.
- Planting a seed.
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Description
Test your knowledge of key concepts in behavioral psychology, including classical conditioning, chaining, and prompting. This quiz will cover significant experiments and theories, helping you understand foundational elements in the field of behavior analysis.
