EBC 60104 Week 9 PDF

EBC 60104 WEEK 9 Dr. Ellie Han Who? What Names? Who? What Names? Ivan Pavlov John B. Watson B. F. Skinner All classical conditioned learning involves environmental interaction. For learning to occur, there must also be a ‘neutral stimulus’ which...

EBC 60104 WEEK 9 Dr. Ellie Han Who? What Names? Who? What Names? Ivan Pavlov John B. Watson B. F. Skinner All classical conditioned learning involves environmental interaction. For learning to occur, there must also be a ‘neutral stimulus’ which is then followed by a naturally occurring reflex. Ivan Pavlov Ivan Pavlov Ivan Pavlov Unconditioned Response Conditioned Response  Ivan Pavlov Neutral Stimulus Unconditioned Unconditioned Stimulus Reponse Conditioned Conditioned Stimulus Reponse Ivan Pavlov Unconditioned Response Conditioned Response John B. Watson Unconditioned Response Extinction KEY ELEMENTS OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Acquisition Acquisition requires a neutral stimulus to become linked with an unconditioned stimulus. This must then be repeatedly reinforced to ensure strong learning takes place. Extinction Extinction occurs when a conditioned response weakens or ceases to exist. For a conditioned response to be maintained, the unconditioned stimulus must be re- introduced occasionally to ‘top up’ the desired conditioned response. Generalisation of Stimulus Once a conditioned response has been created, it can tend to emerge as a response to other stimuli which appear similar. For instance, if a particular bell tone is the conditioned stimulus, similar sounding bell tones can elicit the same response. 1. Emphasis on Objectivity & Scientific Methodology a. Objective observation & measurement of behavior > subjective introspection 2. Primacy of Learning and Environmental Influence a. Behavior is shaped by experience & environment > innate instincts; hence can be modified 3. Focus on Prediction and Control of Behavior a. if you understand enough, not only observe and describe, but also manipulate 4. Pioneering Research in Classical Conditioning a. Little Albert - emotion responses can be learned & unlearned 5. Practical Applications  John B. Watson 9 months old Little Albert! Beck HP, Levinson S, Irons G. Finding Little Albert: a journey to John B. Watson's infant laboratory. Am Psychol. 2009;64(7):605-14. doi:10.1037/a0017234  John B. Watson Poor Little Albert! Beck HP, Levinson S, Irons G. Finding Little Albert: a journey to John B. Watson's infant laboratory. Am Psychol. 2009;64(7):605-14. doi:10.1037/a0017234  John B. Watson Poor Little Albert! FEAR Beck HP, Levinson S, Irons G. Finding Little Albert: a journey to John B. Watson's infant laboratory. Am Psychol. 2009;64(7):605-14. doi:10.1037/a0017234  Which gives best results? In simultaneous conditioning, the In backward conditioning, the neutral stimulus is presented at the unconditioned stimulus is given first, exact time as the unconditioned and the neutral stimulus is presented stimulus. afterward. In trace conditioning, the neutral In delayed conditioning, the neutral stimulus is presented briefly and stimulus is presented and continues then stopped, then the while the unconditioned stimulus is unconditioned stimulus is presented. offered.  NOT ONLY SO! Stimulus Generalization After conditioning, Albert feared not just the white rat, but a wide variety of similar white objects as well. His fear included other furry objects, including Raynor's fur coat and Watson wearing a Santa Claus beard.  What do you Think? 1. Extreme Environmentalism 2. Conditioned Learning & Emotional Control a. emotional responses are learned through association, but not innate 3. Psychological Care of Infant & Child a. to be Strict and scheduled routine 4. Proved to be valuable assets in the field of advertising! 5. Adopt Structuralism & Functionalism as the schools of thoughts/psychology a. functions of behavior -> habit formation b. learned associations shaped by principles of : contiguity, frequency and recency. Operant conditioning, or instrumental conditioning, is a theory of learning where behavior is influenced by its consequences. Behavior that is reinforced (rewarded) will likely be repeated, and behavior that is punished will occur less frequently. Skinner believed that we do have such a thing as a mind, but that it is simply more productive to study observable behavior rather than internal mental events. He views that classical conditioning was far too simplistic to fully explain complex human behavior. He believed that the best way to understand behavior is to examine its causes and consequences. B. F. Skinner  Neutral Operants 01. Responses from the environment that neither increase nor decrease the probability of a behavior being repeated. Three types of Reinforcers 02. Responses from the environment that increase the probability of a behavior Responses being repeated. Reinforcers can be either positive or negative. Punishers 03. Responses from the environment that decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Punishment weakens behavior. B. F. Skinner (1948)  Thorndike’s Puzzle Box Skinner Box Responses that produce a satisfying effect in a Skinner not only used Skinner box experiments to particular situation become more likely to occur again show the existence of operant conditioning, but he in that situation, and responses that produce a also showed schedules in which operant conditioning discomforting effect become less likely to occur again was more or less effective, depending on your goals. in that situation. And that is why he is called The Father of Operant Conditioning. -> Learned Helplessness (Martin Seligman)  B. F. Skinner +ve Rewards +ve Punishment adding something to adding something to increase favorable decrease unfavorable behavior behavior -ve Rewards -ve Punishment subtracting something to subtracting something to decrease unfavourable increase favorable behavior behavior  Questions 1 How quickly can someone makes a behavior a habit? 2 How fast would you stop showing favourable behaviors if there’s no reward given? 3 What happened if you’re given reward even IF you do NOTHING? 4 What if the rewards given are different all the time (but yet rewarding) ? If there were positive punishment given all the time, suddenly you change to positive 5 reinforcement, what could happened?  Questions RESPONE RATE (how quickly the behavior was performed) EXTINCTION RATE (how quickly the behavior would stop)  Which gives best results? Continous Reinforcement Fixed-Ratio Reinforcement If you reinforce a behavior repeatedly, the If you reinforce the behavior every fourth or response rate is medium, and the extinction fifth time. The response rate is fast, and the rate is fast. The behavior will be performed extinction rate is medium. The behavior will be only when reinforcement is needed. As soon performed quickly to reach the reinforcement. as you stop reinforcing a behavior on this schedule, the behavior will not be performed. Fixed-Interval Reinforcement Variable-Interval Reinforcement Health inspectors or secret shoppers are If the reinforcement was given at a fixed commonly used this. The reinforcement could be interval, provided that the behavior was administered 5 minutes after the behavior is performed at some point -> Skinner found that performed or 7 hours after the behavior is the response rate is medium, and the performed. Skinner found that the response rate extinction rate is medium. for this schedule is fast, and the extinction rate is slow. GAMBLING! Variable-Ratio Reinforcement In gambling, you experience occasional wins, but you often face losses. This uncertainty keeps you hooked, not knowing when the next big win, or dopamine hit, will come. The behavior gets reinforced randomly. When gambling, your response is quick, but it takes a long time to stop wanting to gamble. The response rate is fast, and the extinction rate is very low. THE ABC ANTECEDENT BEHAVIOR CONSEQUENCE Prior - What /BELIEF What did you do or happened Describe the what happened after immediately before? interfering behavior. the behavior? EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: Yawning, tired, lack of Close eyes and sleep EAT till 90% full energy, feeling sleepy - or a belief that I need to rest!  Behavioral Analysis What thoughts do you have??? Shaping: This strategy involves gradually altering a behavior, rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. C Chaining: This behavior technique involves breaking a task down into smaller components. The simplest or first task in the process is taught first. Once that task has been learned, the next task can be taught. This continues until the entire D sequence is successfully chained together. Prompting: This approach involves using some type of prompt to trigger the desired response. This might involve issues a verbal cue, such as telling the person what to do, or a visual cue, such as displaying a picture designed to cue the E response.  PROMPTING The ABA Basic Skills Definition Teaching Approach Application Benefits Give me Examples! 1 Baking Cookies 4 Assembling a Puzzle 2 Washing Hands 5 Planting a seed 3 Riding a Bicycle ard ? Fo rw w? ? H o w ar d Bac k THANK YOU READ MORE!