Behavior Modification Concepts Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary outcome of positive punishment in behavior modification?

  • It has no lasting effects on behavior.
  • It weakens the behavior. (correct)
  • It strengthens the behavior.
  • It encourages the behavior to occur more often.

In the context of rumination in infants, what method was used to reduce this behavior?

  • Squirted lemon juice into the infant's mouth each time rumination occurred. (correct)
  • Providing positive reinforcement each time the behavior was avoided.
  • Offering a pacifier to distract the infant during feeding.
  • Using loud noises to startle the infant when rumination began.

What distinguishes negative punishment from positive punishment?

  • Negative punishment is solely dependent on the behavior occurring in public contexts.
  • Negative punishment removes a reinforcing stimulus following an undesired behavior. (correct)
  • Negative punishment strengthens the undesired behavior significantly.
  • Negative punishment introduces a pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior.

Which example illustrates the concept of extinction in behavioral modification?

<p>Withholding a reward after a child misbehaves. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential risks are associated with rumination in infants?

<p>Dehydration, malnutrition, and even death. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when earplugs no longer reduce noise?

<p>The behavior of wearing earplugs is extinguished. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Iwata's research, what constitutes positive reinforcement for self-injurious behavior?

<p>Receiving attention from adults. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does negative reinforcement influence extinction in the context of self-injurious behavior?

<p>It requires continuing academic demands after the behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the concept of extinction?

<p>Ignoring behavior will lead to its extinction automatically. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factors are critical in determining the extinction process?

<p>The reinforcement schedule prior to extinction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does increasing the distance of an adult have on a child's likelihood of engaging in head hitting?

<p>It decreases the likelihood of head hitting. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In stimulus generalization, what happens when a child complies with novel requests made by parents?

<p>The child engages in behavior that has been rewarded previously. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common purpose of using prompts in discrimination training?

<p>To ensure the correct behavior occurs at the correct time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a stimulus class in the context of behavior modification?

<p>Antecedent stimuli that share similar features affecting behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the role of the S^D^ in behavior modification?

<p>It serves as a signal that increases the probability of a specific behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for punishment to be effective?

<p>The punishing stimulus should occur every time the behavior occurs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an establishing operation (EO) in the context of punishment?

<p>An event that makes a consequence more effective as a punisher. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can reduce the effectiveness of negative punishment?

<p>A decrease in deprivation of resources. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does magnitude impact the effectiveness of punishment?

<p>The effectiveness of an aversive stimulus can vary based on individual experiences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of punishment, how does an abolishing operation (AO) function?

<p>It makes a punisher less effective by reducing its impact. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which situation would typically enhance the effectiveness of a positive punishment?

<p>Being in a state of deprivation prior to the punishment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might a mosquito bite serve as a punisher for wearing shorts?

<p>Most people find mosquito bites aversive and will change behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a drug like morphine have on punishment?

<p>It inhibits the effectiveness of painful stimuli as punishers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using prompts in behavior modification?

<p>To produce an instance of the correct behavior for reinforcement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of fading in behavior modification?

<p>Eliminating prompts as the correct behavior is reinforced (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes verbal prompts within the context of behavior modification?

<p>They help the student respond correctly in the presence of S^D^. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the student demonstrate mastery of the reading behavior according to the described prompting process?

<p>By reading the words without any assistance from prompts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of prompts used in behavior modification?

<p>Response and stimulus prompts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does reinforcement play in the context of prompts and behaviors?

<p>It strengthens the occurrence of correct behavior when it follows a prompt. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for a behavior to be under the stimulus control of S^D^?

<p>The behavior consistently occurs in the presence of the S^D^. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the example provided, what initial action does the teacher take when the student struggles to read a word?

<p>The teacher gives a full verbal prompt to read it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the S^D^ in the context of the three-term contingency?

<p>To signal when a behavior will be reinforced or punished (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element of the three-term contingency directly affects behavior after its occurrence?

<p>The consequence of the behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a behavior is no longer reinforced in the presence of a specific antecedent stimulus?

<p>The behavior decreases only in that particular situation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does stimulus generalization affect the likelihood of behavior occurring with different antecedent stimuli?

<p>It increases the likelihood as the stimuli become more similar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of a punisher in the three-term contingency?

<p>It signals that the behavior will likely not be repeated (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of generalization, what does a generalization gradient illustrate?

<p>The relationship between stimulus similarity and likelihood of response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes the condition under which stimulus control is effectively developed over a behavior?

<p>When behavior is rewarded or punished only in the presence of a specific antecedent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when stimulus discrimination training has been effectively conducted?

<p>Behavior is likely to increase in varied contexts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Extinction

The process of eliminating a learned behavior by withholding the reinforcement that maintained it.

Negative Reinforcement

A behavior is reinforced by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.

Extinction of Positively Reinforced Behavior

The removal of attention after a behavior, which was previously reinforced by attention, leading to a decrease in that behavior.

Extinction of Negatively Reinforced Behavior

The removal of the demand or aversive stimulus after a behavior, which was previously reinforced by escape, leading to a decrease in that behavior.

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Reinforcement Schedule

The reinforcement schedule in effect before the extinction process begins.

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Negative Punishment

A type of punishment in which a desirable stimulus is removed following a behaviour, leading to a decrease in that behaviour.

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Time-Out

A child is removed from a desirable situation for a short period after engaging in an undesirable behaviour.

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Response Cost

A type of punishment where something pleasurable or desirable is taken away after a behavior, leading to a decrease in that behaviour.

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Contingency of Punishment

Punishment becomes more effective when the punishing stimulus occurs every time the behavior occurs.

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Establishing Operation (EO) for Punishment

A situation where a consequence makes a punishing stimulus more effective. For example, being hungry makes losing dessert a more effective punishment.

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Abolishing Operation (AO) for Punishment

A situation where a consequence makes a punishing stimulus less effective. For example, already having eaten a lot of dessert makes losing it less effective.

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Magnitude of Punishment

The intensity or severity of the punishing consequence.

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Deprivation as EO in Negative Punishment

When the punishment involves taking something away, like losing privileges, deprivation makes the loss more effective.

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Satiation as AO in Negative Punishment

When the punishment involves taking something away, like losing privileges, satiation makes the loss less effective.

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EO for Positive Punishment

Events that increase the unpleasantness of a stimulus make it a more effective punisher.

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AO for Positive Punishment

Events that reduce the unpleasantness of a stimulus make it a less effective punisher.

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Discriminative Stimulus (SD)

A specific stimulus that signals when a behavior will be reinforced.

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Response (R)

The behavior that is being controlled by the SD.

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Reinforcer (SR)

The consequence that follows the behavior, increasing the likelihood of the behavior occurring again in the presence of the SD.

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Punishing Stimulus (SP)

A specific stimulus that signals when a behavior will be punished.

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Stimulus Generalization

This occurs when the behavior happens in the presence of similar stimuli to the original SD.

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Generalization Gradient

The more similar a new stimulus is to the original SD, the more likely the behavior will occur.

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Three-Term Contingency (ABCs)

A relationship between a stimulus, a behavior, and the consequence of the behavior.

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Stimulus Class

A set of stimuli that share similar features and evoke the same functional effect on a specific behavior.

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Prompt

A cue or stimulus presented to increase the likelihood of a desired behavior occurring at the right time.

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Discrimination Training

The process of learning to respond differently to different stimuli.

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Fading

The gradual removal of prompts to promote the ability of stimuli to control responding independently of the prompts.

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S^D^

Stimulus that reliably elicits a specific, learned behavior.

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Verbal Prompt

A verbal cue given by a teacher to help a student achieve the correct response.

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Transfer of Stimulus Control

A procedure to reduce the reliance on prompts and control the behavior with the designated stimulus.

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Stimulus Control

Reinforcement is delivered only when the desired behavior occurs in the presence of the target stimulus.

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Modeling Prompt

A type of prompt where the teacher imitates the desired behavior to demonstrate it.

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Physical Prompt

A prompt where the teacher physically guides the learner through the desired behavior.

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Study Notes

Defining Human Behaviour

  • Behaviour is what individuals do or say, encompassing their actions, rather than static characteristics
  • Action-based descriptions of behaviour must use action verbs
  • Example: Instead of "Jennifer was angry", describe her actions: "Jennifer screamed, ran upstairs, and slammed her door"

Measurable Dimensions of Behaviour

  • Behaviour has quantifiable dimensions:
    • Frequency: Count how many times a behaviour occurs
    • Example: Shane bit his nails 12 times during class
    • Duration: Measure the time from start to stop
    • Example: Rita jogged for 25 minutes
    • Intensity: Assess the physical force or energy involved
    • Example: Garth bench pressed 220 pounds
    • Latency: Time between an event and the start of the behaviour.
    • Example: The delay between a teacher's question and a student raising their hand

Observability and Recordability

  • Behaviours are observable actions, perceived through the senses (e.g., seen, heard)
  • They can be described and recorded
  • Example: Observers can note that a child claps hands or jumps

Impact on the Environment

  • Behaviour always affects the environment, whether:
    • Physical environment: A light turns on when a switch is flipped
    • Social environment: Raising a hand led to the teacher calling on the student
    • Personal impact: Reciting a phone number aloud helps with memory
  • Effects may be obvious or subtle
  • All behaviour operates within space and time, influencing oneself or others

Lawfulness of Behaviour

  • Behaviour is governed by functional relationships with environmental events
  • Example: A child's disruptive behaviour increases when the teacher gives less attention

Types of Behaviour

  • Overt Behaviour: Visible actions measurable by others
  • Examples: Walking, talking, or writing
  • Covert Behaviour: Internal or private behaviours, observable only by the individual
  • Examples: Thinking, dreaming, or imagining

Behavioural Modification

  • Involves identifying environmental causes of behaviour and making adjustments to influence it
  • Built on basic behavioral principles like reinforcement, punishment, and stimulus control
  • Example: Reducing disruptive behaviour by ensuring consistent teacher attention demonstrates how modifying environmental factors alters behaviour

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Behaviour Modification: Principles and Procedures PDF

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