Behavior Modification Concepts Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary outcome of positive punishment in behavior modification?

It has no lasting effects on behavior.

It weakens the behavior. (correct)

It strengthens the behavior.

It encourages the behavior to occur more often.

In the context of rumination in infants, what method was used to reduce this behavior?

Squirted lemon juice into the infant's mouth each time rumination occurred. (correct)

Providing positive reinforcement each time the behavior was avoided.

Offering a pacifier to distract the infant during feeding.

Using loud noises to startle the infant when rumination began.

What distinguishes negative punishment from positive punishment?

Negative punishment is solely dependent on the behavior occurring in public contexts.

Negative punishment removes a reinforcing stimulus following an undesired behavior. (correct)

Negative punishment strengthens the undesired behavior significantly.

Negative punishment introduces a pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior.

Which example illustrates the concept of extinction in behavioral modification?

Withholding a reward after a child misbehaves. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What potential risks are associated with rumination in infants?

Dehydration, malnutrition, and even death. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when earplugs no longer reduce noise?

The behavior of wearing earplugs is extinguished. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Iwata's research, what constitutes positive reinforcement for self-injurious behavior?

Receiving attention from adults. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does negative reinforcement influence extinction in the context of self-injurious behavior?

It requires continuing academic demands after the behavior. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the concept of extinction?

Ignoring behavior will lead to its extinction automatically. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which factors are critical in determining the extinction process?

The reinforcement schedule prior to extinction. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What effect does increasing the distance of an adult have on a child's likelihood of engaging in head hitting?

It decreases the likelihood of head hitting. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In stimulus generalization, what happens when a child complies with novel requests made by parents?

The child engages in behavior that has been rewarded previously. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common purpose of using prompts in discrimination training?

To ensure the correct behavior occurs at the correct time. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What defines a stimulus class in the context of behavior modification?

Antecedent stimuli that share similar features affecting behavior. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the role of the S^D^ in behavior modification?

It serves as a signal that increases the probability of a specific behavior. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for punishment to be effective?

The punishing stimulus should occur every time the behavior occurs. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an establishing operation (EO) in the context of punishment?

An event that makes a consequence more effective as a punisher. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can reduce the effectiveness of negative punishment?

A decrease in deprivation of resources. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does magnitude impact the effectiveness of punishment?

The effectiveness of an aversive stimulus can vary based on individual experiences. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of punishment, how does an abolishing operation (AO) function?

It makes a punisher less effective by reducing its impact. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which situation would typically enhance the effectiveness of a positive punishment?

Being in a state of deprivation prior to the punishment. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why might a mosquito bite serve as a punisher for wearing shorts?

Most people find mosquito bites aversive and will change behavior. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a drug like morphine have on punishment?

It inhibits the effectiveness of painful stimuli as punishers. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using prompts in behavior modification?

To produce an instance of the correct behavior for reinforcement (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of fading in behavior modification?

Eliminating prompts as the correct behavior is reinforced (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes verbal prompts within the context of behavior modification?

They help the student respond correctly in the presence of S^D^. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does the student demonstrate mastery of the reading behavior according to the described prompting process?

By reading the words without any assistance from prompts (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of prompts used in behavior modification?

Response and stimulus prompts (A) Signup and view all the answers

What role does reinforcement play in the context of prompts and behaviors?

It strengthens the occurrence of correct behavior when it follows a prompt. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for a behavior to be under the stimulus control of S^D^?

The behavior consistently occurs in the presence of the S^D^. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the example provided, what initial action does the teacher take when the student struggles to read a word?

The teacher gives a full verbal prompt to read it. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the S^D^ in the context of the three-term contingency?

To signal when a behavior will be reinforced or punished (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which element of the three-term contingency directly affects behavior after its occurrence?

The consequence of the behavior (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a behavior is no longer reinforced in the presence of a specific antecedent stimulus?

The behavior decreases only in that particular situation (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does stimulus generalization affect the likelihood of behavior occurring with different antecedent stimuli?

It increases the likelihood as the stimuli become more similar (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of a punisher in the three-term contingency?

It signals that the behavior will likely not be repeated (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of generalization, what does a generalization gradient illustrate?

The relationship between stimulus similarity and likelihood of response (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes the condition under which stimulus control is effectively developed over a behavior?

When behavior is rewarded or punished only in the presence of a specific antecedent (C) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when stimulus discrimination training has been effectively conducted?

Behavior is likely to increase in varied contexts (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Defining Human Behaviour

Behaviour is what individuals do or say, encompassing their actions, rather than static characteristics
Action-based descriptions of behaviour must use action verbs
Example: Instead of "Jennifer was angry", describe her actions: "Jennifer screamed, ran upstairs, and slammed her door"

Measurable Dimensions of Behaviour

Behaviour has quantifiable dimensions:
- Frequency: Count how many times a behaviour occurs
- Example: Shane bit his nails 12 times during class
- Duration: Measure the time from start to stop
- Example: Rita jogged for 25 minutes
- Intensity: Assess the physical force or energy involved
- Example: Garth bench pressed 220 pounds
- Latency: Time between an event and the start of the behaviour.
- Example: The delay between a teacher's question and a student raising their hand

Observability and Recordability

Behaviours are observable actions, perceived through the senses (e.g., seen, heard)
They can be described and recorded
Example: Observers can note that a child claps hands or jumps

Impact on the Environment

Behaviour always affects the environment, whether:
- Physical environment: A light turns on when a switch is flipped
- Social environment: Raising a hand led to the teacher calling on the student
- Personal impact: Reciting a phone number aloud helps with memory
Effects may be obvious or subtle
All behaviour operates within space and time, influencing oneself or others

Lawfulness of Behaviour

Behaviour is governed by functional relationships with environmental events
Example: A child's disruptive behaviour increases when the teacher gives less attention

Types of Behaviour

Overt Behaviour: Visible actions measurable by others
Examples: Walking, talking, or writing
Covert Behaviour: Internal or private behaviours, observable only by the individual
Examples: Thinking, dreaming, or imagining

Behavioural Modification

Involves identifying environmental causes of behaviour and making adjustments to influence it
Built on basic behavioral principles like reinforcement, punishment, and stimulus control
Example: Reducing disruptive behaviour by ensuring consistent teacher attention demonstrates how modifying environmental factors alters behaviour

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in behavior modification, including positive and negative punishment, extinction, and reinforcement strategies. This quiz explores important research findings and methodologies related to behavioral interventions, especially concerning infants. Examine your understanding of both theoretical and practical applications in behavior analysis.