Befruktningens process
38 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Vad är huvudsyftet med kapacitering av spermier?

  • Att förhindra frisättning av akrosomala enzym
  • Att förankra spermien i Zona pellucida
  • Att göra dem mer rörliga (correct)
  • Att göra membranet mer fragilt
  • Vilken mekanism förhindrar polyspermi genom att släppa ut zona inhibiting proteins (ZIP) som förstör receptorer samt bildar ett skyddande lager runt äggcellen?

  • Akrosomala reaktionen
  • Frisättning av Ca2+ från ER
  • Bildandet av male pronucleas
  • Kortikala reaktionen (correct)
  • Vilket ämne aktiverar avlutandet av meios 2 vid befruktning?

  • CaMKII (kalcium/kalmodulinberoende protein kinas II)
  • Zink (correct)
  • Aktinprotein
  • ZIP (zona inhibiting proteins)
  • Vilket protein aktiverar IP3 och frisläppandet av kalcium från ER vid äggaktivering?

    <p>PLCζ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vilka delar av kroppen bildas genom Myotome?

    <p>Skelettmuskulatur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vad bildas från endodermen vid vikningen?

    <p>Luftstrupen och lungorna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vilken process reglerar mönsterbildningen för att säkerställa att vävnader och organ utvecklas på rätt plats och orientering i kroppen?

    <p>Morfogenering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vad är Hox-genernas funktion i utvecklingsprocessen?

    <p>De kodar för DNA-bindande transkriptionsfaktorer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vad är terenogeners funktion i utvecklingsprocessen?

    <p>De reglerar celladhäsionsmolekyler och extracellulär matrixkompositionen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vilken kroppsaxel regleras av BMPs (bone morphogenetic proteins)?

    <p>Dorsoventral kroppsaxel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vad är en multipotent cell?

    <p>En grupp olika celler med särskilda funktioner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vad är morula?

    <p>En struktur som bildas genom kompaktering vid den åttonde-cellsstadiet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vilka strukturer bildas av Sclerotome under embryonal utveckling?

    <p>Ryggrad, revben och delar av skallen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vad hjälper Dermatome till att bilda under embryonal utveckling?

    <p>Dermis på kroppens dorsala del</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vad bygger Myotome under embryonal utveckling?

    <p>Skelettmuskulatur i takt med ryggradens utveckling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vad bildar endodermen vid vikningen under embryonal utveckling?

    <p>Mag-tarmkanalens epitel och körtlar, andningsvägar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vilken process reglerar mönsterbildningen för att säkerställa att vävnader och organ utvecklas på rätt plats och orientering i kroppen?

    <p>Pattern formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vilka strukturer kan Chrodin och noggin inducera dorsala cellidentiteter för?

    <p>Dorsala cellidentiteter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vilka strukturer regleras av BMPs (bone morphogenetic proteins) på kroppsaxeln?

    <p>Ventralsidan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vad är huvudsyftet med kortikala reaktionen vid befruktningen?

    <p>Att släppa ut Zona Inhibiting Proteins (ZIP) för att förstöra receptorer och bilda ett skyddande lager runt äggcellen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vilken reaktion möjliggör frisättningen av akrosomala enzym vid befruktningen?

    <p>Kapacitering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vad är Zona Pellucida huvudsakligen sammansatt av?

    <p>ECM rikt på glykoprotein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vad aktiverar avlutandet av meios 2 vid befruktningen?

    <p>Ca2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vilken process resulterar i bildandet av male pronucleas vid befruktningen?

    <p>Mikrotubuli-transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vad är huvudsyftet med kapacitering vid befruktningen?

    <p>Frisättning av akrosomala enzym</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vad gör mikrotubuli vid befruktningen?

    <p>Transporterar spermiens cellkärna som sväller och bildar male pronucleas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vilken reaktion resulterar i att granula släpper ut Zona Inhibiting Proteins (ZIP) vid befruktningen?

    <p>Kortikal reaktion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vilken struktur bildas under embryonal utveckling efter att zonal pellucid (ZP) har frisläppts och implantation har initierats?

    <p>Blastocysten</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vilket protein är ansvarigt för att ge cellerna polarisering under 8-cellstadiet?

    <p>E-cadherin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vilken celltyp är pluripotent under embryonal utveckling?

    <p>Inre cellmassa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vad markeras hatching av blastocysten av?

    <p>Frisläppandet av ZP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vilken struktur bildar embryonala membran, inklusive korion och gulesäcken?

    <p>Hypoblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vad signalerar omvandlingen av epiblastceller till det embryonala disken?

    <p>Primitive streak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vilka celler bildar det centrala nervsystemet och ger upphov till hjärnan och ryggmärgen?

    <p>Nervplatta celler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vilken region av mesodermet ger upphov till de axiala skeletten, lemmer, musklerna, hjärtat och cirkulationssystemet?

    <p>Paraxialregionen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vilken struktur bildas genom att den paraxiala mesodermet differentierar sig?

    <p>Somiter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vad är funktionen hos neural crest celler under embryonal utveckling?

    <p>Bildar pigmentceller och perifera nervsystemet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vad är den primära funktionen av den notokordala strukturen under embryonal utveckling?

    <p>Inducerar bildandet av neuralplattan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • APC/C promotes transition from meiosis to mitosis during embryonic development.

    • Rapid cell division occurs without growth phases (cell shrinks) during the first 36 hours, resulting in the formation of two identical blastomeres (totipotent cells that can generate all types of tissue) up to the 8-cell stage.

    • During the 8-cell stage, compaction occurs, cells express e-cadherin, and junctions are formed, giving cells polarization. The collection of 16 cells is called a morula.

    • After the formation of 32 or more cells, a blastocyst is formed, consisting of a trophoblast (epithelial layer), a blastocoel (contains a sodium-potassium pump), and an inner cell mass (embryonic stem cells).

    • The inner cell mass is pluripotent, and hippo-signaling mediators facilitate cell position-dependent differentiation in the morula.

    • Hatching of the blastocyst is marked by the release of zonal pellucid (ZP) and the initiation of implantation. During implantation, trophoblasts bind to the endometrium via L-selectin, releasing enzyms and growth factors that lead to an inflammatory reaction, swelling of the endometrium, and increased blood vessel permeability.

    • The placenta is formed by cells derived from the inner cell mass and the inner trophoblasts. The placental tissue includes the corion (outer embryonic membrane), which forms villi with capillaries containing oxygenated fetal blood, and the intervillous space, which contains maternal blood.

    • The embryonic membranes are formed by the omformation of the inner cell mass into the embryonic disc, consisting of two layers: the epiblast facing the placenta (pluripotent cells that give rise to the amnion and later all germ layers) and the hypoblast, which gives rise to the extraembryonic membranes such as the chorion and the yolk sac.

    • Displacement of epiblast cells by the hypoblast through the primitive streak leads to the formation of the definitive endoderm and the overlying extraembryonic mesoderm, with the hypoblast disappearing.

    • The cells undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and the notochord (a transient structure) sends signals to the ectoderm, causing it to thicken along the longitudinal axis.

    • The neural plate is formed and receives signals from the notochord, inducing somites to form along the lateral edges of the neural plate. The neural plate folds into the neural tube, creating a midline structure that eventually becomes the central nervous system and forms the brain and spinal cord.

    • The neural crest cells, derived from the neural plate, migrate and differentiate to form pigment cells, the peripheral nervous system, the adrenal glands, and various structures of the face and skull.

    • Mesoderm, formed from axial, paraxial, intermediate, and lateral regions, develops into various structures, including the axial skeleton, the limbs, the muscles, the heart, the circulatory system, and the skin.

    • The differentiation of mesoderm depends on the region of the primitive streak through which the cells ingress. Somites, formed from paraxial mesoderm, give rise to the skeletal muscles and the vertebral column, and they are called the primitive segments.

    • APC/C promotes transition from meiosis to mitosis during embryonic development.

    • Rapid cell division occurs without growth phases (cell shrinks) during the first 36 hours, resulting in the formation of two identical blastomeres (totipotent cells that can generate all types of tissue) up to the 8-cell stage.

    • During the 8-cell stage, compaction occurs, cells express e-cadherin, and junctions are formed, giving cells polarization. The collection of 16 cells is called a morula.

    • After the formation of 32 or more cells, a blastocyst is formed, consisting of a trophoblast (epithelial layer), a blastocoel (contains a sodium-potassium pump), and an inner cell mass (embryonic stem cells).

    • The inner cell mass is pluripotent, and hippo-signaling mediators facilitate cell position-dependent differentiation in the morula.

    • Hatching of the blastocyst is marked by the release of zonal pellucid (ZP) and the initiation of implantation. During implantation, trophoblasts bind to the endometrium via L-selectin, releasing enzyms and growth factors that lead to an inflammatory reaction, swelling of the endometrium, and increased blood vessel permeability.

    • The placenta is formed by cells derived from the inner cell mass and the inner trophoblasts. The placental tissue includes the corion (outer embryonic membrane), which forms villi with capillaries containing oxygenated fetal blood, and the intervillous space, which contains maternal blood.

    • The embryonic membranes are formed by the omformation of the inner cell mass into the embryonic disc, consisting of two layers: the epiblast facing the placenta (pluripotent cells that give rise to the amnion and later all germ layers) and the hypoblast, which gives rise to the extraembryonic membranes such as the chorion and the yolk sac.

    • Displacement of epiblast cells by the hypoblast through the primitive streak leads to the formation of the definitive endoderm and the overlying extraembryonic mesoderm, with the hypoblast disappearing.

    • The cells undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and the notochord (a transient structure) sends signals to the ectoderm, causing it to thicken along the longitudinal axis.

    • The neural plate is formed and receives signals from the notochord, inducing somites to form along the lateral edges of the neural plate. The neural plate folds into the neural tube, creating a midline structure that eventually becomes the central nervous system and forms the brain and spinal cord.

    • The neural crest cells, derived from the neural plate, migrate and differentiate to form pigment cells, the peripheral nervous system, the adrenal glands, and various structures of the face and skull.

    • Mesoderm, formed from axial, paraxial, intermediate, and lateral regions, develops into various structures, including the axial skeleton, the limbs, the muscles, the heart, the circulatory system, and the skin.

    • The differentiation of mesoderm depends on the region of the primitive streak through which the cells ingress. Somites, formed from paraxial mesoderm, give rise to the skeletal muscles and the vertebral column, and they are called the primitive segments.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Testa din kunskap om befruktningsprocessen och förståelse för spermiers väg till ägget.

    More Like This

    Biologi Reproduksi Tumbuhan dan Perbenihan
    10 questions
    Sexuelle Reproduktion und Geschlechtsbestimmung
    36 questions
    Biologi: Reproduktion och sexualitet
    17 questions

    Biologi: Reproduktion och sexualitet

    UnderstandableMeitnerium3809 avatar
    UnderstandableMeitnerium3809
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Browser