29 Questions
What is the role of the hypothalamus in appetite regulation?
It contains neural circuits that influence food intake
Which hormone is involved in increasing appetite according to the provided content?
PYY3-36
What is the function of ghrelin in appetite regulation?
Increases appetite
Which organ is NOT mentioned as an appetite regulation center?
Thyroid gland
What are the two hormones mentioned that originate from the hypothalamus in the context of appetite regulation?
PYY3-36 and Ghrelin
Which ratio is used to calculate the respiratory exchange ratio (RER)?
VO2/VCO2
What is the RER value for 100% glucose metabolism?
1
Why do muscles shift from carbohydrate metabolism to fat metabolism during prolonged exercise?
Increased availability of fats
What happens to fuel selection in muscles under high-intensity conditions?
Shift from fat to carbohydrate
'Fat burns in the flame of carbohydrates' implies that:
Carbohydrates are essential for the complete metabolism of fats
What is the main reason carbohydrates are crucial in fat metabolism?
Acetyl-CoA from fatty acid oxidation need the TCA cycle for ATP generation
What are some processes that are reset during the slow component of recovery after exercise?
Rehydration and replenishment of glycogen reserves
How long can the elevated VO2 levels last after exercise?
60 minutes
What is the primary effect of a 6-week aerobic training program on VO2?
Increase in VO2
Which enzyme is associated with endothelium-derived nitric oxide function in humans?
eNOS: Endoplasmic Reticulum Nitric Oxide Synthase
What does exercise-dependent remodelling of blood vessels aim to achieve?
Vasodilation for easier blood delivery to muscles
Which molecule is responsible for vasodilation in the context of exercise?
NO: Nitrogen Oxide
What is the chronic issue exhibited by obese individuals?
Elevated IL6 levels
How does obesity lead to insulin resistance?
Through adipokines imbalance and inflammation
Which enzyme is responsible for increased expression during glucose uptake in the liver?
Glucokinase
What is the consequence of insulin resistance on glycolysis and acetyl-CoA production?
Decreased pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity
How does hypoxia (obesity) affect the expression of adipokines?
Upregulates adipokines expression
Where is adiponectin primarily produced?
Adipose tissue
What is the consequence of reduced levels of carbohydrates on the TCA cycle?
Decreased rate of glycolysis
Why does our body try to maintain a small reserve of carbohydrates in muscles?
To support TCA cycle activity
What is the primary source of ATP during the initial phase of exercise?
ATP-phosphocreatine cycle
How does reduced conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate impact the TCA cycle?
It slows down the TCA cycle
What is the effect of low carbohydrate levels on acetyl-CoA entering the TCA cycle?
Only few acetyl-CoA enter the TCA cycle
Why does oxygen uptake increase at the beginning of exercise?
To support ATP production via the ATP-phosphocreatine cycle
Explore the metabolic consequences of obesity in relation to adipokine imbalance and inflammation. Learn about the relationship between obesity, adipokines, and insulin resistance, as well as the regulation of body weight by leptin. Dive into how chronic elevated levels of IL6 affect obese individuals.
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