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Questions and Answers
What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of Vitamin K for adults?
Which of the following statements about Vitamin K deficiency is accurate?
What are the main dietary sources of Vitamin K1?
What distinguishes Vitamin K1 from Vitamin K2 structurally?
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Why was Vitamin K initially identified and named?
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What was the original designation of Vitamin E when it was first discovered?
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Which form of tocopherol is considered the most potent with maximum Vitamin E activity?
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What major role does Vitamin E play in the human body?
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Which food sources are known to be high in Vitamin E?
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How does a deficiency in Vitamin E affect fertility in animals?
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Which of the following statements about Vitamin E is false?
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What structural feature differentiates various tocopherols?
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What is the typical human requirement for Vitamin E, according to the content?
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Study Notes
Vitamins Overview
- Vitamins are essential nutrients that play crucial roles in biological functions.
- Fat-soluble vitamins include Vitamin E and Vitamin K, both vital for various physiological processes.
Vitamin E
- Discovered in vegetable oils and known as the anti-sterility factor due to its link to reproductive health.
- Isolated from wheat germ oil and termed tocopherol; found in corn oil, rice oil, cottonseed oil, soybean, and peanuts, but not in fish liver or olive oil.
- Comprised of tocopherols, derived from 6-hydroxychroman with an isoprenoid side chain.
- α-tocopherol is the most biologically active form, containing three methyl groups at different carbon positions.
Role of Vitamin E
- Functions as an antioxidant, preventing the oxidation of substances and food spoilage.
- Essential for reproduction, positively affecting ectoderm and endoderm (Vitamin A) and mesoderm (Vitamin E) during embryonic development.
- Protects vitamin A from degradation and supports mitochondrial integrity by preserving unsaturated fatty acids in membranes.
Vitamin E Deficiency
- Can lead to sterility, embryo re-absorption, degeneration of testicular germinal epithelium, and production of non-motile sperm.
- Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for Vitamin E:
- Men: 30 IU
- Women: 25 IU
- Pregnant and lactating women: 30 IU
- Infants: 1 to 2.5 IU
- Conversion: 1 IU is equivalent to 1.1 mg of pure compound.
Vitamin K
- Identified when newborn chicks fed artificial diets suffered from fatal hemorrhage due to prolonged blood clotting times.
- Designated as Vitamin K for its role in coagulation and also known as the anti-hemorrhagic factor.
- Exists in two forms: Vitamin K1 (found in green vegetables like spinach and cabbage) and Vitamin K2 (found in fermented fish meal and produced by intestinal bacteria).
- Vitamin K1 is more potent compared to K2.
Role of Vitamin K
- Vital for synthesizing prothrombin, a blood-clotting factor essential for converting fibrinogen to fibrin during clot formation.
- Deficiency in infants results in severe bleeding risks due to the lack of blood clotting capabilities before developing Vitamin K-producing intestinal flora.
- Administration of Vitamin K to pregnant mothers can prevent deficiency in newborns.
Vitamin K Deficiency
- Occurs rarely in adults but can lead to significant bleeding complications in infants.
- There is currently no standardized requirement for Vitamin K consumption established for humans.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of vitamins in this quiz on nucleic acids and their biological roles, focusing particularly on fat-soluble vitamins like Vitamin E. Learn about their sources, recommended dietary allowances (RDA), and impacts on sterility in animals. Test your understanding of how vitamins are essential to our health.
