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Questions and Answers
What is the primary distinction between parenchyma and stroma in a tumor?
What is the primary distinction between parenchyma and stroma in a tumor?
Which of the following is a characteristic more commonly associated with malignant tumors compared to benign tumors?
Which of the following is a characteristic more commonly associated with malignant tumors compared to benign tumors?
What clinical problem is most likely to be caused by a benign tumor?
What clinical problem is most likely to be caused by a benign tumor?
According to the general rule for naming tumors, what suffix would most likely be used to denote a malignant tumor arising from epithelial cells?
According to the general rule for naming tumors, what suffix would most likely be used to denote a malignant tumor arising from epithelial cells?
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In cancer staging, what does Stage IV generally indicate?
In cancer staging, what does Stage IV generally indicate?
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What does the 'N' signify in the TNM staging system?
What does the 'N' signify in the TNM staging system?
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What does 'anaplasia' refer to in the context of tumor characteristics?
What does 'anaplasia' refer to in the context of tumor characteristics?
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What is the definition of 'neoplasia'?
What is the definition of 'neoplasia'?
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According to the TNM staging system, what does the 'T' category primarily describe?
According to the TNM staging system, what does the 'T' category primarily describe?
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Within the TNM staging system, a designation of N2 indicates what?
Within the TNM staging system, a designation of N2 indicates what?
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In the TNM staging system, what does M0 signify?
In the TNM staging system, what does M0 signify?
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Which factor is considered a geographical and environmental influence related to cancer risk?
Which factor is considered a geographical and environmental influence related to cancer risk?
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Which of the following is an example of an oncogenic microbe that has been linked to cancer development?
Which of the following is an example of an oncogenic microbe that has been linked to cancer development?
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Mutation in genes that regulate cell death would cause which outcome?
Mutation in genes that regulate cell death would cause which outcome?
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A mutant Ras protein, stuck in the Ras-GTP form, directly leads to:
A mutant Ras protein, stuck in the Ras-GTP form, directly leads to:
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What is the primary role of normal p53 protein?
What is the primary role of normal p53 protein?
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Flashcards
Neoplasia
Neoplasia
New growth of abnormal cells, potentially leading to tumors.
Parenchyma
Parenchyma
Transformed neoplastic cells, making up the tumor cells.
Stroma
Stroma
Supportive tissue of a tumor, including blood vessels and connective tissues.
Differentiation
Differentiation
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Metastasis
Metastasis
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Benign tumors
Benign tumors
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Malignant tumors
Malignant tumors
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Cancer staging
Cancer staging
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T in cancer staging
T in cancer staging
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N in cancer staging
N in cancer staging
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M in cancer staging
M in cancer staging
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Proto-oncogene
Proto-oncogene
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Tumor suppressor gene
Tumor suppressor gene
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p53 protein
p53 protein
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Ras protein
Ras protein
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Oncogenic viruses
Oncogenic viruses
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Study Notes
Basics of Neoplasia
- Neoplasia is defined as new growth
- Cells in neoplasia have a degree of autonomy in their growth
- Neoplasia can proliferate and grow to form tumors
- Tumors are categorized into benign and malignant
Tumor Structure
- Tumors have two main components:
- Parenchyma: transformed neoplastic cells, also known as primary tumour cells.
- Stroma: consists of connective tissue, blood vessels, and inflammatory cells; provides support and nutrition to the neoplastic cells
Benign vs Malignant Tumors
- Fundamental features:
- Differentiation and anaplasia: Benign tumors have well-differentiated cells; malignant tumors have poorly differentiated cells (anaplasia).
- Rate of growth: Benign tumors grow at a slower rate; malignant tumors grow rapidly
- Local invasion: Benign tumors do not invade surrounding tissues; malignant tumors invade surrounding tissues
- Metastasis: Benign tumors do not spread to distant sites; malignant tumors can metastasize to distant sites
Benign Tumors
- May cause problems by:
- Pressure on adjacent tissues
- Obstruction of fluid flow
- Hormone production
- Potential transformation into malignant neoplasm
- Anxiety
Malignant Tumors
- Associated problems:
- Pressure and destruction on adjacent tissues
- Obstruction of fluid flow
- Hormone production
- Anxiety and pain
- Formation of secondary tumors (metastases)
Tumor Nomenclature
- General rule: Benign tumors are named by adding "-oma" suffix to the parenchymal cell type; malignant tumors are named by adding "-sarcoma" or "-carcinoma" suffix to the parenchymal cell type
Grading/Staging of Cancer
- Grading: Determined by cytologic appearance; based on the idea that tumor behavior is related to differentiation; poorly differentiated tumors have more aggressive behavior
- Staging: Determined by surgical exploration or imaging; based on size, local and regional lymph node spread, and distant metastases; staging is clinically more valuable than grading
Simple Staging
- Stage 0: Abnormal cells present but have not spread to nearby tissues (carcinoma in situ)
- Stage I, II, III: Cancer is present; higher stage number indicates larger tumor size and more spread into nearby tissues
- Stage IV: Cancer has spread to distant parts of the body
TNM Staging System
- T: Size and extent of the main tumor
- N: Number of nearby lymph nodes affected
- M: Extent of metastasis
- Annotated with numbers after each letter to provide more details about the cancer (e.g., T1N0MX, T3N1M0)
- TX: Main tumor cannot be measured
- TO: Main tumor cannot be found
- T1, T2, T3, T4: Refers to the size and/or extent of the main tumor. The higher number the larger the tumor
TNM Staging (continued)
- N: Regional lymph nodes
- NX: Cancer in nearby lymph nodes cannot be measured
- NO: No cancer in nearby lymph nodes
- N1, N2, N3: Refers to the number and location of lymph nodes that contain cancer; higher number means more lymph nodes affected
- M: Distant metastasis
- MX: Metastasis cannot be measured
- MO: Cancer has not spread to other parts of the body
- M1: Cancer has spread to other parts of the body
Etiology of Cancer
- Geographic and environmental factors
- Occupation
- Age
- Genetic damage
- Heredity
Carcinogenic Agents
- Oncogenic viruses and microbes (e.g., Human papillomavirus, Helicobacter pylori)
Mutations and Cancer
- Mutations in genes related to cell growth, cell death, and DNA repair can lead to cancer
- These include both proto-oncogenes (growth promoting) and tumor suppressor genes
Genetic Basis of Cancer
- Mutation of normal regulatory genes:
- Growth-promoting proto-oncogenes
- Growth-inhibiting tumor suppressor genes
- Genes regulating cell death
- Genes involved in DNA repair
p53 Gene
- Normal p53: Nuclear transcription factor; pro-apoptotic; growth suppressor; DNA repair
- Mutant p53: Lack of normal functions; induces expression of oncogenes
Karyotypic Changes in Cancer
- Balanced translocations
- Deletions
- Gene amplifications
- Aneuploidy
Multistep Carcinogenesis
- Initiation: Genotoxic agents initiate gene mutations
- Promotion: More mutations occur by promoter carcinogens
- Progression: Mutations accumulate independently; tumor becomes more aggressive and less responsive to therapy over time
Hallmarks of Cancer
- Processes that define cancer:
- Avoiding immune destruction
- Evading growth suppressors
- Enabling replicative immortality
- Active promotion of angiogenesis
- Resisting cell death
- Inducing angiogenesis
- Activating invasion and metastasis
- Enabling replicative immortality
- Inducing angiogenesis
- Genome instability and mutation
- Tumor promoting inflammation
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of neoplasia, including the characteristics of benign and malignant tumors. It explores tumor structure, defining parenchyma and stroma, and highlights the differences between tumor types. Test your knowledge on this crucial topic in oncology!
