Basics of Neoplasia Past Paper 2021-2022 PDF

Dr. Nor SyafinazYaakob Fakulti Farmasi, UKM [email protected]  Understand the definition and concept of neoplasia  Describe the characteristics of tumours  Understand the genetic and molecular basis of cancer  Describe the 10 Hallmarks of Cancer  Neoplasia = new growth...

Dr. Nor SyafinazYaakob Fakulti Farmasi, UKM [email protected]  Understand the definition and concept of neoplasia  Describe the characteristics of tumours  Understand the genetic and molecular basis of cancer  Describe the 10 Hallmarks of Cancer  Neoplasia = new growth  Cells possess certain degree of autonomy of its growth  Proliferate/grow to become tumour ▪ Benign ▪ Malignant 2 basic components of a tumour :  Parenchyma : which transformed to neoplastic cells/primary tumour cells  Stroma : consist of connective tissue, blood vessels, inflammatory cells ▪ Supporting structure to the neoplastic cells ▪ Provide nutrition supply to the neoplastic cells Fundamental features:  Differentiation and anaplasia  Rate of growth  Local invasion  Metastasis  Feature Benign Malignant Differentiation and anaplasia Rate of growth Local invasion Metastasis May cause clinical problems associated with  Pressure on adjacent tissues  Obstruction to flow of fluid  Production of a hormone  Transformation into malignant neoplasm  Anxiety Associated clinical problems :  Pressure & destruction on adjacent tissues  Obstruction to flow of fluid  Production of a hormone  Anxiety and pain  Formation of secondary tumours (metastases) General rule:  Benign : parenchymal cell type + suffix “-oma”  Malignant : parenchymal cell type + suffix “-sarcoma” and “-carcinoma” Stage What it means Stage 0 Abnormal cells are present but have not spread to nearby tissue. Also called carcinoma in situ, or CIS. CIS is not cancer, but it may become cancer. Stage I, Stage II, and Stage III Cancer is present. The higher the number, the larger the cancer tumor and the more it has spread into nearby tissues. Stage IV The cancer has spread to distant parts of the body. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/staging  T : size and extent of the main tumor/primary tumor. N : number of nearby lymph nodes that have cancer. M : the extent of metastasis. Annotated as numbers after each letter that give more details about the cancer e.g. T1N0MX or T3N1M0  Primary tumor (T) TX: Main tumor cannot be measured. T0: Main tumor cannot be found. T1, T2, T3, T4: Refers to the size and/or extent of the main tumor. The higher the number after the T, the larger the tumor or the more it has grown into nearby tissues.  Regional lymph nodes (N) NX: Cancer in nearby lymph nodes cannot be measured. N0: There is no cancer in nearby lymph nodes. N1, N2, N3: Refers to the number and location of lymph nodes that contain cancer. The higher the number after the N, the more lymph nodes that contain cancer.  Distant metastasis (M) MX: Metastasis cannot be measured. M0: Cancer has not spread to other parts of the body. M1: Cancer has spread to other parts of the body. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/staging  Geographic & Environmental ▪ Occupation  Age  Genetic damage  Heredity  Oncogenic virus and microbes ▪ Eg. Human papilloma virus ▪ Eg. Helicobacter pylori  Mutation of four classes of normal regulatory genes: ▪ Growth-promoting proto-oncogene ▪ Growth-inhibiting tumor suppressor gene ▪ Genes that regulate cell death ▪ Genes involved in DNA repair  Normal Ras protein : activate downstream pathway for transcription of growth related proteins  encoded by HRAS, KRAS & NRAS genes  Mutant Ras : in the form of Ras-GTP, cause non-stop cell growth  Normal  p53 protein : nuclear transcription factor  Pro-apoptotic, growth suppressor, DNA repair Mutant  Lack of normal functions  Induce expression of Cancers (Basel). 2011 Mar; 3(1): 994–1013. Published online 2011 Mar 3. doi: 10.3390/cancers3010994 Role of p53 in Cell Death and Human Cancers oncogenes Toshinori Ozaki1 and Akira Nakagawara2,* Occur in ………?  Balanced translocations  Deletions  Gene amplifications  Aneuploidy  Multiple mutations that accumulate independently in different cells Tumour tends to become Genotoxic agents initiate More mutations occur, caused i) More aggressive gene mutations by promoter carcinogens ii) Less responsive to therapy over time https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AP2iB-XT4OA