Questions and Answers
What is classical conditioning?
What does operant conditioning involve?
Repeating acts that bring rewards and avoiding acts that bring unwanted results.
What is cognitive learning?
The acquisition of mental information through observation, language, or events.
What is the purpose of conditioning?
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What is higher order conditioning?
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What are learned associations?
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What characterizes associative learning?
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Define respondent behavior.
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What are operant behaviors?
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What is observational learning?
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Why are habits hard to break?
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What is a neutral stimulus (NS) in classical conditioning?
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Define unconditioned response (UR).
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What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?
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What is a conditioned response (CR)?
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Define conditioned stimulus (CS).
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What is the difference between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli?
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In an experiment, if a tone is sounded just before an air puff, the tone is the ______.
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The air puff in the experiment is the ______.
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The blinking response to the air puff is the ______.
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After conditioning, the tone becomes the ______.
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The blinking response to the tone is the ______.
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What are the five major conditioning processes?
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What is acquisition in classical conditioning?
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Study Notes
Classical Conditioning
- Involves linking two or more stimuli to anticipate events.
- Biologically adaptive; helps organisms prepare for both positive and negative experiences.
- Critical for environmental adaptation.
Operant Conditioning
- Focuses on learning through consequences; repeating actions that yield rewards while avoiding harmful ones.
Cognitive Learning
- Involves acquiring mental information through observation or language rather than direct experience.
Conditioning
- Aids survival by enabling responses to cues for food, danger avoidance, mating, and offspring production.
Higher Order Conditioning
- Creates a second conditioned stimulus by pairing a neutral stimulus with an existing conditioned stimulus, leading to weaker responses (e.g., light predicts tone, which predicts food).
Learned Associations
- Associations formed between stimuli can subtly influence behavior, such as spotting errors with a red pen versus a black one.
- Context can shape political attitudes based on location (e.g., school vs. church).
Associative Learning
- Learning that certain events, either stimuli or responses and their consequences, occur together.
Respondent Behavior
- Automatic responses triggered by specific stimuli.
Operant Behaviors
- Actions that influence the environment and yield consequences.
Observational Learning
- Learning that occurs through watching others, also known as social learning.
Habits Formation
- Habits develop through repeated behaviors in specific contexts, leading to unconscious associations (e.g., associating coffee with pastries).
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
- In classical conditioning, a stimulus that initially elicits no response.
Unconditional Response (UR)
- An automatic, unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., salivation from food).
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
- A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers an unconditioned response (e.g., food).
Conditioned Response (CR)
- A learned response to a previously neutral but now conditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
- An originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response.
Distinction of Stimuli
- Conditioned stimuli are learned; unconditioned stimuli are unlearned.
Example of Classical Conditioning
- In an experiment, a tone (NS) is presented before an air puff (US). After repetition, the tone (CS) alone elicits a blink (CR).
Major Conditioning Processes
- Acquisition: Initial phase of linking NS and US.
- Extinction: Gradual weakening of conditioned responses.
- Spontaneous Recovery: Reappearance of extinguished responses after a rest period.
- Generalization: Transfer of learned responses to similar stimuli.
- Discrimination: Distinguishing between different stimuli and responses.
Acquisition
- In classical conditioning, the process of associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to trigger a conditioned response.
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Description
Test your understanding of classical and operant conditioning with this quiz. Explore fundamental learning concepts that help organisms adapt to their environment. Get ready to reinforce your knowledge of these essential psychological theories.