Basic Hematology Principles and RBC Indices

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Questions and Answers

What is the normal range for normocytic red blood cells in femtoliters?

  • 80-100 fL (correct)
  • 90-110 fL
  • 60-80 fL
  • 100-120 fL

What does anisocytosis refer to in a blood sample?

  • Increase in platelet count
  • Decrease in total white blood cell count
  • Variation in cell size (correct)
  • Normal red blood cell size

Which condition is associated with decreased microcytic red blood cells?

  • Liver disease
  • Hemolytic anemia
  • Thalassemia (correct)
  • Megaloblastic anemia

Which of the following conditions would likely result in an increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)?

<p>Hemolytic anemia with reticulocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What components make up the buffy coat in whole blood?

<p>Leukocytes and platelets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anemia is characterized by decreased red blood cell size?

<p>Microcytic anemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of liver disease on red blood cell size?

<p>Increases mean corpuscular volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does whole blood consist of?

<p>Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and plasma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal value range for Hemoglobin in males?

<p>13.5-17.5 g/dL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is characterized by the continuous formation of blood cells?

<p>Hematopoiesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected normal value for Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)?

<p>80-100 femtoliters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of red blood cells are indicative of iron deficiency and thalassemia?

<p>Hypochromic RBCs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lymphocyte type normally measures 6-9 μm?

<p>Normal lymphocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal platelet count range?

<p>150,000-450,000/uL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates the presence of spherocytes in serum analysis?

<p>38 g/dL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal value range for RBC Distribution Width (RDW)?

<p>11.5-14.5% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for Mean Platelet Volume (MPV)?

<p>6.8-10.2 fL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes retrogression in bone marrow?

<p>Transformation of red marrow to yellow marrow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the size of erythrocytes (RBCs)?

<p>6-8 μm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which staining technique is commonly used for routine blood smear analysis?

<p>Wright's stain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of RBC indices, what does MCHC indicate?

<p>Mean concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hematocrit normal value range for females?

<p>36-46% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Basic Hematology Principles

  • Whole blood comprises erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and plasma.
  • The buffy coat contains leukocytes and platelets.
  • Serum is the liquid part of clotted blood, lacking fibrinogen. Both serum and plasma are about 90% water.
  • Formed elements vary in size: thrombocytes (2-4 µm), erythrocytes (6-8 µm), lymphocytes (6-9 µm), reactive lymphocytes (10-22 µm), basophils (10-15 µm), segmented neutrophils (10-15 µm), band neutrophils (10-15 µm), eosinophils (12-16 µm), and monocytes (12-20 µm).

RBC Indices

  • Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV): Indicator of average RBC volume; normal value: 80-100 fL; Normocytic (80-100 fL), Microcytic (<80 fL). Increased in megaloblastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, liver disease, and normal newborns; decreased in iron deficiency, thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia, and lead poisoning.
  • Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH): Indicator of average hemoglobin weight in individual RBCs; normal value: 26-34 pg.
  • Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC): Measure of average hemoglobin concentration; normal value: 32-37 g/dL; Hypochromic ( <32 g/dL), seen in iron deficiency and thalassemia; 38 g/dL suggests spherocytes; >38 g/dL indicates a machine error.
  • Anisocytosis: Increased variation in RBC size.
  • Anisochromia: Variation in RBC color.
  • RBC Distribution Width (RDW): Normal value: 11.5-14.5%; reflects anisocytosis; elevated in post-transfusion states, post-treatment, idiopathic sideroblastic anemia, and dual deficiencies (iron and folate).
  • Hematocrit: Percentage of RBCs in whole blood; normal values: Males 41-53%, Females 36-46%. Microhematocrit is the reference manual method.
  • Hemoglobin: Normal values: Males 13.5-17.5 g/dL, Females 12.0-16.0 g/dL.
  • Platelets: Normal value: 150-450 x 109/L or 150,000-450,000/µL.
  • Mean Platelet Volume (MPV): Normal value: 6.8-10.2 fL.

Hematology Staining

  • Romanowsky stains (nonvital): Wright's stain (most common), uses methanol as fixative, eosin (acidic), methylene blue (basic), and phosphate buffer (pH 6.4-6.8).
  • Prussian blue (nonvital monochrome): Visualizes iron granules; contains potassium ferrocyanide, HCl, and a safranin counterstain.
  • Supravital stains (living cells): New methylene blue or brilliant cresyl blue (for reticulocytes); neutral red with brilliant cresyl green (for Heinz bodies). No fixative needed.

Hematopoiesis

  • Continuous regulated process of blood cell formation (renewal, proliferation, differentiation, maturation).
  • Occurs in the reticuloendothelial system (RES): bone marrow, spleen, liver, thymus, and lymph nodes.
  • Bone marrow: Primary site by 24 weeks gestation; red marrow is hematopoietically active; yellow marrow is inactive (adipocytes).
  • Retrogression: Transformation of red marrow to yellow marrow.
  • Cellularity: Ratio of marrow cells to fat; normocellular (30-70% hematopoietic cells), hypercellular (>70%), hypocellular (<30%).

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