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Questions and Answers
What is the normal range for normocytic red blood cells in femtoliters?
What is the normal range for normocytic red blood cells in femtoliters?
- 80-100 fL (correct)
- 90-110 fL
- 60-80 fL
- 100-120 fL
What does anisocytosis refer to in a blood sample?
What does anisocytosis refer to in a blood sample?
- Increase in platelet count
- Decrease in total white blood cell count
- Variation in cell size (correct)
- Normal red blood cell size
Which condition is associated with decreased microcytic red blood cells?
Which condition is associated with decreased microcytic red blood cells?
- Liver disease
- Hemolytic anemia
- Thalassemia (correct)
- Megaloblastic anemia
Which of the following conditions would likely result in an increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)?
Which of the following conditions would likely result in an increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)?
What components make up the buffy coat in whole blood?
What components make up the buffy coat in whole blood?
Which anemia is characterized by decreased red blood cell size?
Which anemia is characterized by decreased red blood cell size?
What is the effect of liver disease on red blood cell size?
What is the effect of liver disease on red blood cell size?
What does whole blood consist of?
What does whole blood consist of?
What is the normal value range for Hemoglobin in males?
What is the normal value range for Hemoglobin in males?
Which process is characterized by the continuous formation of blood cells?
Which process is characterized by the continuous formation of blood cells?
What is the expected normal value for Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)?
What is the expected normal value for Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)?
What type of red blood cells are indicative of iron deficiency and thalassemia?
What type of red blood cells are indicative of iron deficiency and thalassemia?
Which lymphocyte type normally measures 6-9 μm?
Which lymphocyte type normally measures 6-9 μm?
What is the normal platelet count range?
What is the normal platelet count range?
What indicates the presence of spherocytes in serum analysis?
What indicates the presence of spherocytes in serum analysis?
What is the normal value range for RBC Distribution Width (RDW)?
What is the normal value range for RBC Distribution Width (RDW)?
What is the normal range for Mean Platelet Volume (MPV)?
What is the normal range for Mean Platelet Volume (MPV)?
What causes retrogression in bone marrow?
What causes retrogression in bone marrow?
What is the size of erythrocytes (RBCs)?
What is the size of erythrocytes (RBCs)?
Which staining technique is commonly used for routine blood smear analysis?
Which staining technique is commonly used for routine blood smear analysis?
In the context of RBC indices, what does MCHC indicate?
In the context of RBC indices, what does MCHC indicate?
What is the hematocrit normal value range for females?
What is the hematocrit normal value range for females?
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Study Notes
Basic Hematology Principles
- Whole blood comprises erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and plasma.
- The buffy coat contains leukocytes and platelets.
- Serum is the liquid part of clotted blood, lacking fibrinogen. Both serum and plasma are about 90% water.
- Formed elements vary in size: thrombocytes (2-4 µm), erythrocytes (6-8 µm), lymphocytes (6-9 µm), reactive lymphocytes (10-22 µm), basophils (10-15 µm), segmented neutrophils (10-15 µm), band neutrophils (10-15 µm), eosinophils (12-16 µm), and monocytes (12-20 µm).
RBC Indices
- Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV): Indicator of average RBC volume; normal value: 80-100 fL; Normocytic (80-100 fL), Microcytic (<80 fL). Increased in megaloblastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, liver disease, and normal newborns; decreased in iron deficiency, thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia, and lead poisoning.
- Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH): Indicator of average hemoglobin weight in individual RBCs; normal value: 26-34 pg.
- Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC): Measure of average hemoglobin concentration; normal value: 32-37 g/dL; Hypochromic ( <32 g/dL), seen in iron deficiency and thalassemia; 38 g/dL suggests spherocytes; >38 g/dL indicates a machine error.
- Anisocytosis: Increased variation in RBC size.
- Anisochromia: Variation in RBC color.
- RBC Distribution Width (RDW): Normal value: 11.5-14.5%; reflects anisocytosis; elevated in post-transfusion states, post-treatment, idiopathic sideroblastic anemia, and dual deficiencies (iron and folate).
- Hematocrit: Percentage of RBCs in whole blood; normal values: Males 41-53%, Females 36-46%. Microhematocrit is the reference manual method.
- Hemoglobin: Normal values: Males 13.5-17.5 g/dL, Females 12.0-16.0 g/dL.
- Platelets: Normal value: 150-450 x 109/L or 150,000-450,000/µL.
- Mean Platelet Volume (MPV): Normal value: 6.8-10.2 fL.
Hematology Staining
- Romanowsky stains (nonvital): Wright's stain (most common), uses methanol as fixative, eosin (acidic), methylene blue (basic), and phosphate buffer (pH 6.4-6.8).
- Prussian blue (nonvital monochrome): Visualizes iron granules; contains potassium ferrocyanide, HCl, and a safranin counterstain.
- Supravital stains (living cells): New methylene blue or brilliant cresyl blue (for reticulocytes); neutral red with brilliant cresyl green (for Heinz bodies). No fixative needed.
Hematopoiesis
- Continuous regulated process of blood cell formation (renewal, proliferation, differentiation, maturation).
- Occurs in the reticuloendothelial system (RES): bone marrow, spleen, liver, thymus, and lymph nodes.
- Bone marrow: Primary site by 24 weeks gestation; red marrow is hematopoietically active; yellow marrow is inactive (adipocytes).
- Retrogression: Transformation of red marrow to yellow marrow.
- Cellularity: Ratio of marrow cells to fat; normocellular (30-70% hematopoietic cells), hypercellular (>70%), hypocellular (<30%).
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