Basic Haematology Introduction
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of blood is composed of formed elements?

  • 55%
  • 1%
  • 45% (correct)
  • 90%

    • Which of the following is NOT a function of erythrocytes?

  • Transport of O2 and CO2
  • Formation of blood clots
  • Defense against foreign antigens (correct)
  • Production of haemoglobin

    • What is the primary function of leucocytes?

  • Formation of blood clots
  • Production of haemoglobin
  • Transport of O2 and CO2
  • Defense against foreign antigens (correct)

    • What is the function of platelets in the blood?

    <p>Formation of blood clots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of blood?

    <p>Haematology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of stopping bleeding at an injured site?

    <p>Haemostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a disorder involving the production of haemoglobin?

    <p>Haemoglobinopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of plasma in the blood?

    <p>55%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of anticoagulants in haematology tests?

    <p>To prevent blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of plasma in terms of percentage?

    <p>Water (90-92%)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following laboratory tests measures the deviations of blood constituents from normal values?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of the proper proportion of anticoagulant to whole blood in haematology tests?

    <p>To avoid errors in test results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is EDTA commonly used as an anticoagulant in haematology tests?

    <p>Because it does not distort blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using different colored tubes in blood collection?

    <p>To add different anticoagulants depending on the test being performed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors can influence normal values of formed cellular elements in blood?

    <p>Age, sex, and geographic location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of an anticoagulant used in haematology tests?

    <p>It does not alter the size of blood cells and minimizes platelet aggregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of a phlebotomist?

    <p>To draw blood for laboratory tests or blood donations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum amount of blood sample typically required for blood tests?

    <p>5 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should blood never be poured from one tube to another?

    <p>Because the tubes can have different additives or coatings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a tourniquet in venipuncture?

    <p>To restrict blood flow to the area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended percentage of isopropyl alcohol in alcohol wipes?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lithium heparin in a Plasma Separating Tube (PST)?

    <p>To anticoagulate with heparin and separate plasma with PST gel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should the finger or heel be punctured across the fingerprints in capillary puncture?

    <p>To make the blood more likely to bead rather than run down the channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anticoagulant is used for Coagulation tests, such as PT and APTT?

    <p>Sodium citrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Sodium fluoride and potassium oxalate in blood collection tubes?

    <p>To preserve glucose up to 5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of puncturing only within the designated areas in infant skin puncture?

    <p>To prevent neurological or soft tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must accompany each sample submitted to the laboratory?

    <p>A requisition form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which additive is used for Hematology tests, such as FBC/CBC and Blood Bank (Crossmatch)?

    <p>EDTA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of Sodium citrate in blood collection tubes?

    <p>Forms calcium salts to remove calcium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anticoagulant is used for Serum lead determination?

    <p>Sodium heparin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Thrombin in blood collection tubes?

    <p>To quickly clot blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which additive is used for HLA tissue typing, paternity testing, and DNA studies?

    <p>ACD (acid-citrate-dextrose)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Potassium EDTA (K2/K3) in blood collection tubes?

    <p>To form calcium salts and remove calcium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of obtaining a sample of venous blood called?

    <p>Phlebotomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of a requisition form?

    <p>To provide essential information for processing the specimen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information is required when requesting microbiology, cytology, or fluid analysis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a clotted specimen?

    <p>It is rejected and not processed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to follow safety and infection control procedures?

    <p>To protect oneself from contact with sick patients and their specimens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if you stick yourself with a contaminated needle?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with needles immediately after removal from the patient's vein?

    <p>They should be disposed of immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be used to clean up blood spills?

    <p>Freshly made 10% bleach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do after handling blood/body fluids?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Haematology

    • Haematology is the study of blood, composed of plasma (~55%) and the formed elements (erythrocytes, leucocytes, and platelets)
    • Alterations in the formed elements are often the first sign of disease in the body
    • Laboratory tests measure deviations in blood constituents from normal values

    Blood Composition

    • Plasma: 90-92% water, 6-7% proteins, 2-3% fats, carbohydrates, electrolytes, and gases (O2, CO2)

    Anticoagulants in Haematology

    • Anticoagulants prevent blood clotting and are used in haematology tests
    • Characteristics of anticoagulants: do not alter cell size, do not cause haemolysis, minimize platelet aggregation, and do not disrupt staining and morphology of blood cells
    • Common anticoagulants used: EDTA, sodium citrate, and heparin
    • EDTA is commonly used because it does not distort blood cells
    • The proper proportion of anticoagulant to whole blood is important to avoid errors in test results

    Blood Collection Tubes

    • Different tubes are used for different tests, each with its own additive
    • Additives and their uses:
      • EDTA: haematology tests (FBC/CBC) and blood bank (crossmatch)
      • Sodium citrate: coagulation tests (PT, APTT)
      • Sodium heparin: lithium level, ammonia level, and serum lead determination
      • Lithium heparin: chemistry tests
      • Thrombin: STAT serum chemistries
      • Sodium fluoride and potassium oxalate: glucose tests
      • ACD (acid-citrate-dextrose): HLA tissue typing, paternity testing, and DNA studies

    Phlebotomy

    • Phlebotomy is the process of obtaining a sample of venous blood
    • A phlebotomist is an individual trained to draw blood for laboratory tests or blood donations
    • Equipment needed for routine venipuncture:
      • Evacuated collection tubes
      • Needles/tube holder/syringes/butterfly system
      • Tourniquet
      • Alcohol wipes
      • Gauze sponges
      • Adhesive bandages/tape
      • Gloves

    Capillary Puncture

    • Perform finger or heel puncture across the fingerprints
    • For infants or neonates, puncture only within designated areas on the heel to avoid neurological or soft tissue damage

    Order Form/Requisition

    • A requisition form must accompany each sample submitted to the laboratory
    • Essential elements of the requisition form:
      • Patient's name
      • Patient's ID number
      • Patient's date of birth and sex
      • Requesting physician's complete name
      • Source of specimen
      • Date and time of collection
      • Tests requested

    Rejection of Unacceptable Specimen

    • Reasons for rejecting a specimen:
      • Clotted specimen
      • Severely hemolyzed specimen
      • Improperly labelled or unlabelled specimen
      • Specimen too old
      • Failure to meet volume criteria
      • Improperly collected specimen
      • Leaking tube
      • Delay in transport
      • Collection of specimen in wrong tube

    Safety and Infection Control

    • Practice universal precautions to protect yourself and others
    • Wear gloves and a lab coat or gown when handling blood/body fluids
    • Change gloves after each patient or when contaminated
    • Wash hands frequently
    • Dispose of items in appropriate containers
    • Dispose of needles immediately upon removal from the patient's vein
    • Follow institution's guidelines regarding treatment and follow-up if stuck with a contaminated needle

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    Description

    This quiz introduces the basics of haematology, covering topics such as haematopoiesis and its regulation. It is a foundational course for students of health sciences and biomedicine.

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