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Questions and Answers
What percentage of the weight of most cells is made up by the 'big four' elements?
What percentage of the weight of most cells is made up by the 'big four' elements?
- 70%
- 96% (correct)
- 80%
- 99%
Which of the following elements is NOT one of the 'big four' that makes up about 96% of the weight of most cells?
Which of the following elements is NOT one of the 'big four' that makes up about 96% of the weight of most cells?
- Oxygen
- Hydrogen
- Phosphorus (correct)
- Carbon
What is the percentage of Carbon in the elements of life?
What is the percentage of Carbon in the elements of life?
- 20.0%
- 65.0%
- 18.5% (correct)
- 9.5%
Which of the following elements is present in the highest percentage in the elements of life?
Which of the following elements is present in the highest percentage in the elements of life?
What is the function of the control system in an organism?
What is the function of the control system in an organism?
How many essential elements are required by organisms?
How many essential elements are required by organisms?
What determines how an atom will interact with other atoms?
What determines how an atom will interact with other atoms?
What type of bond forms when two atoms share one or more electrons?
What type of bond forms when two atoms share one or more electrons?
What is the definition of an ion?
What is the definition of an ion?
What is the result of an atom losing or gaining electrons to achieve a full outer electron shell?
What is the result of an atom losing or gaining electrons to achieve a full outer electron shell?
What is the strongest type of chemical bond?
What is the strongest type of chemical bond?
What is the product of the reaction between sodium and chlorine?
What is the product of the reaction between sodium and chlorine?
What is the characteristic of atoms that form ionic bonds?
What is the characteristic of atoms that form ionic bonds?
What is the reason atoms form chemical bonds?
What is the reason atoms form chemical bonds?
What is electronegativity?
What is electronegativity?
What type of covalent bond is formed when electrons are shared equally?
What type of covalent bond is formed when electrons are shared equally?
What is the polarity of the water molecule?
What is the polarity of the water molecule?
What is the function of hydrogen bonds in water molecules?
What is the function of hydrogen bonds in water molecules?
What is the result of the unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond?
What is the result of the unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond?
What increases from left to right in a row in the periodic table?
What increases from left to right in a row in the periodic table?
What type of bond is formed between hydrogen atoms and the oxygen atom in a water molecule?
What type of bond is formed between hydrogen atoms and the oxygen atom in a water molecule?
What is the term for the weak electrical attraction between neighboring water molecules?
What is the term for the weak electrical attraction between neighboring water molecules?
What is the characteristic of carbon skeletons in macromolecules?
What is the characteristic of carbon skeletons in macromolecules?
What is the process by which monomers are linked together to form a polymer?
What is the process by which monomers are linked together to form a polymer?
What is the term for the building blocks or subunits of macromolecules?
What is the term for the building blocks or subunits of macromolecules?
What is the characteristic of organic molecules?
What is the characteristic of organic molecules?
What is the term for the large molecules found in all living creatures?
What is the term for the large molecules found in all living creatures?
What are the four main categories of macromolecules?
What are the four main categories of macromolecules?
What is the primary function of epithelial cells in the body?
What is the primary function of epithelial cells in the body?
What is the main characteristic of simple epithelial cells?
What is the main characteristic of simple epithelial cells?
What is the primary function of connective tissue cells in the body?
What is the primary function of connective tissue cells in the body?
What type of connective tissue is responsible for storing energy in the body?
What type of connective tissue is responsible for storing energy in the body?
What is the primary function of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
What is the primary function of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
What is the basic structure of an organ?
What is the basic structure of an organ?
What is the relationship between organs and organ systems?
What is the relationship between organs and organ systems?
What is the term for the immediate environment that surrounds each individual cell in the body?
What is the term for the immediate environment that surrounds each individual cell in the body?
Study Notes
Elements of Life
- Carbon (C) makes up 18.5% of the weight of most cells
- Oxygen (O) makes up 65.0% of the weight of most cells
- Four elements (C, O, H, and Ca) make up about 96% of the weight of most cells
- The remaining 25 essential elements are needed in smaller amounts
- Trace elements make up less than 0.01% of the weight of most cells
Atomic Structure
- Electrons are organized in electron shells
- The outer electron shell is the most important
- A full outer electron shell means a stable atom
- The number of electrons in the outer electron shell determines how an atom will interact with other atoms
Chemical Bonds
- Atoms lose, gain, or share electrons to fill their outermost electron shell
- Atoms react with other atoms to form molecules
- Ionic bonds: oppositely charged ions attract
- Covalent bonds: two atoms share one or more electrons
Ionic Bonds
- Ion: an atom with an electrical charge due to gain or loss of electron(s)
- Sodium atom (Na) loses an electron to become a sodium ion (Na+)
- Chlorine atom (Cl) gains an electron to become a chloride ion (Cl-)
Covalent Bonds
- Covalent bonds: the strongest bond
- Electrons are not always shared equally
- Atoms joined into a molecule via covalent bonds
- Electronegativity: an atom's ability to attract electrons
- Electronegativity increases from left to right in a row in the periodic table
Water Molecule
- Water molecule (H2O): a very important polar molecule
- Hydrogen bonds: weak electrical attraction between neighboring water molecules
- Hydrogen bonds give water unique properties
Origin of Life
- Macromolecules: large molecules found in all living creatures
- Organic molecules: carbon-based molecules
- Carbon is the most important element for life
- Carbon skeletons vary in length and may have double bonds or be arranged in rings
Molecules of Life
- Macromolecules include: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid
- Most macromolecules have a unique monomer
- Monomers are linked together through covalent bonds to produce a polymer via dehydration reactions
Connective Tissue Cells
- Connective tissue cells are specialized to connect, anchor, and support the structures of the body
- Types of connective tissues include: loose connective, dense connective, blood, bone, cartilage, and adipose
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
- ECM consists of a mixture of proteins, polysaccharides, and in some cases, minerals
- The matrix serves two general functions: provides a scaffold for cellular attachments and transmits information to the cells to help regulate their activity
Organs and Organ Systems
- Organs are composed of multiple tissue types
- Organ systems contain multiple organs that work together
- There are 11 different organ systems in the human body
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Description
Test your understanding of fundamental biology concepts, including the elements of life, homeostasis, and evolution.
