Biology Unit 1 and Chapter 2 Quiz

Unit 1

• Biology encompasses common themes in all living organisms, including evolution, organization, reproduction, growth/development, energy, and response to the environment.
• Evolution by natural selection explains the unity and diversity of life. It helps understand shared characteristics across organisms.
• Scientific method involves observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation, and analysis.
• Scientists use observations and experiments to test hypotheses and gather data to develop, refine and verify scientific understanding.

Unit 2

Chapter 2: Chemical Context of Life

• Matter consists of chemical elements that combine to form compounds.
• Elements and their properties are based on the structure of their atoms. Atomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons) have defined charges and masses, affecting how they interact.
• Chemical bonds (covalent, polar covalent, ionic, hydrogen, van der Waals) hold atoms together. Dynamic equilibrium is a state of balance in chemical reactions.
• Chemical reactions involve the formation and breaking of chemical bonds, playing a critical role in various biological processes.

Chapter 3: Water and Life

• Water's polarity creates hydrogen bonds, contributing to essential life functions on Earth. Properties include ice floating, high surface tension, specific heat, and solvent properties.
• Acids and bases, and their effects (pH scale) are vital. Buffers maintain stable internal conditions.

Chapter 4: Introduction to Organic Chemistry

• Organic chemistry focuses on compounds containing carbon, crucial to living organisms. Carbon's unique bonding properties allows for a vast array of molecules.
• Hydrocarbon chains, functional groups and isomers are key structural elements within these compounds.

Chapter 5

• Macromolecules: large organic molecules (polymers) are built from smaller building blocks (monomers).
• Carbohydrates are used for energy and structural support. Lipids store energy and are structural components.
• Proteins have diverse functions (structural, enzymes, signaling). Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information.

Chapter 6: Tour of the Cell

• Cells are organized into structures with separate compartments.
• Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in compartmentalization.
• Endomembrane system includes structures like the ER and Golgi apparatus.
• Mitochondria and chloroplasts are responsible for energy production and photosynthesis in eukaryotes..
• Cytoskeleton provides structural support and facilitates movement within the cell. Cell membranes regulate the flow of materials.

Chapter 7: Membrane Structure and Function

• The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane structure
• Membrane proteins perform diverse functions: transport, recognition, signaling.
• Passive transport (diffusion, osmosis) moves materials across membranes based on concentration gradients, and is energy-efficient.
• Active transport against the concentration gradient relies on energy (ATP). Bulk transport includes exocytosis and endocytosis.

Chapter 8: Introduction to Metabolism

• Metabolism involves all chemical reactions in cells.
• Catabolism breaks down molecules, while anabolism builds them.
• Thermodynamics laws govern energy flow.
• Gibbs free energy helps to predict the spontaneity of reactions.
• ATP is the primary energy currency of the cell.
• Enzymes as catalysts speed up metabolic reactions without being consumed.

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

• Cellular respiration breaks down nutrients to extract energy (ATP).
• Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain are crucial steps in cellular respiration.
• Fermentation is an alternative pathway that produces less ATP but occurs without oxygen.

Chapter 10: Photosynthesis

• Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy.
• Photosystems (PSI, PSII) and the Calvin cycle are key components.
• Light-dependent and light-independent reactions are distinct steps in photosynthesis.
• Photorespiration competes with photosynthesis when oxygen levels are high.

Unit 3: Genetics

Chapter 11: Cell Cycle and Mitosis

• Cell division is essential for life's growth and reproduction (mitosis in eukaryotes).
• Stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase).
• Factors affecting the cell cycle (cyclins, Cdks, growth factors).
• Cancer cells often lose regulatory mechanisms.

Chapter 12: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

• Meiosis is the reduction division process for reproduction.
• Stages of meiosis (meiosis I, meiosis II).
• Crossing over and independent assortment generate genetic variation in gametes.

Chapter 13: Mendel and the Gene Idea

• Mendelian genetics (laws of segregation and independent assortment).
• Key terms: alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, dominant, recessive.
• Genetic variations, incomplete dominance, codominance, and multiple alleles.

Chapter 14: The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

• Fruit flies (Drosophila) were important models to study inheritence.
• Chromosomes as carriers of genes.
• Sex chromosomes and sex-linked traits.
• Gene linkage and linkage maps.
• Genetic disorders that manifest from chromosomal abnormalities

Unit 4: Evolution

Chapter 22: The Darwinian View of Life

• Darwin's observations and inferences led to the theory of evolution by natural selection. Natural selection drives adaptation.
• Evidences for evolution (fossils, homology, biogeography).

Chapter 23: Evolution of Populations

• Population genetics, allele frequencies, Hardy-Weinberg principle (conditions for no evolution), and microevolution (causes of evolution). Genetic drift and gene flow are random mutations and mutations causes change in allele frequencies
• Role of natural selection in adapting populations.

Chapter 24: The Origin of Species

• Biological species concept defines a species as a group.
• Reproductive isolation is the key in speciation. Prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive barriers. -Allopatric and sympatric modes of speciation.
• Importance of gene flow in isolating species.

Chapter 25: Population Ecology

• Principles of population ecology: density, dispersion, demographics.