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Questions and Answers
What type of reaction forms macromolecules from monomers?
What type of reaction forms macromolecules from monomers?
Which of the following functional groups is typically found in amino acids?
Which of the following functional groups is typically found in amino acids?
Which polysaccharide is most abundant and used for structure in plants?
Which polysaccharide is most abundant and used for structure in plants?
What characteristic distinguishes saturated fatty acids from unsaturated fatty acids?
What characteristic distinguishes saturated fatty acids from unsaturated fatty acids?
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Which type of isomer specifically refers to molecules that are mirror images of each other?
Which type of isomer specifically refers to molecules that are mirror images of each other?
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What type of bond forms the primary structure of proteins?
What type of bond forms the primary structure of proteins?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a theme common to all living organisms?
Which of the following is NOT considered a theme common to all living organisms?
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Which nucleic acid contains deoxyribose in its structure?
Which nucleic acid contains deoxyribose in its structure?
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What are the two main types of nucleotides based on their nitrogenous bases?
What are the two main types of nucleotides based on their nitrogenous bases?
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What role does evolution play in biology?
What role does evolution play in biology?
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What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
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Which of the following best describes the process of scientific inquiry?
Which of the following best describes the process of scientific inquiry?
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Which of the following statements about chemical bonds is true?
Which of the following statements about chemical bonds is true?
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Which component of the cell serves as the site of the Krebs cycle?
Which component of the cell serves as the site of the Krebs cycle?
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What property of water allows it to moderate temperature changes in the environment?
What property of water allows it to moderate temperature changes in the environment?
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What structure is responsible for the power of flagella and cilia movement?
What structure is responsible for the power of flagella and cilia movement?
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What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
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Which statement accurately describes acids and bases in relation to water?
Which statement accurately describes acids and bases in relation to water?
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In the context of nucleic acids, what is the significance of the sugar-phosphate backbone?
In the context of nucleic acids, what is the significance of the sugar-phosphate backbone?
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Which of the following is true regarding carbon compounds?
Which of the following is true regarding carbon compounds?
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How does the structure of an element's atom affect its properties?
How does the structure of an element's atom affect its properties?
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Which function does the extracellular matrix (ECM) primarily serve in cellular processes?
Which function does the extracellular matrix (ECM) primarily serve in cellular processes?
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What is a characteristic of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure?
What is a characteristic of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure?
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In terms of tonicity, what does hypotonic mean?
In terms of tonicity, what does hypotonic mean?
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What process is characterized by the movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration?
What process is characterized by the movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration?
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Which type of transport requires a direct input of energy to move solutes?
Which type of transport requires a direct input of energy to move solutes?
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Which statement best describes bulk transport?
Which statement best describes bulk transport?
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According to the first law of thermodynamics, what can be said about energy in a closed system?
According to the first law of thermodynamics, what can be said about energy in a closed system?
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What does the term 'catabolism' refer to in metabolism?
What does the term 'catabolism' refer to in metabolism?
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Study Notes
Unit 1
- Biology encompasses common themes in all living organisms, including evolution, organization, reproduction, growth/development, energy, and response to the environment.
- Evolution by natural selection explains the unity and diversity of life. It helps understand shared characteristics across organisms.
- Scientific method involves observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation, and analysis.
- Scientists use observations and experiments to test hypotheses and gather data to develop, refine and verify scientific understanding.
Unit 2
Chapter 2: Chemical Context of Life
- Matter consists of chemical elements that combine to form compounds.
- Elements and their properties are based on the structure of their atoms. Atomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons) have defined charges and masses, affecting how they interact.
- Chemical bonds (covalent, polar covalent, ionic, hydrogen, van der Waals) hold atoms together. Dynamic equilibrium is a state of balance in chemical reactions.
- Chemical reactions involve the formation and breaking of chemical bonds, playing a critical role in various biological processes.
Chapter 3: Water and Life
- Water's polarity creates hydrogen bonds, contributing to essential life functions on Earth. Properties include ice floating, high surface tension, specific heat, and solvent properties.
- Acids and bases, and their effects (pH scale) are vital. Buffers maintain stable internal conditions.
Chapter 4: Introduction to Organic Chemistry
- Organic chemistry focuses on compounds containing carbon, crucial to living organisms. Carbon's unique bonding properties allows for a vast array of molecules.
- Hydrocarbon chains, functional groups and isomers are key structural elements within these compounds.
Chapter 5
- Macromolecules: large organic molecules (polymers) are built from smaller building blocks (monomers).
- Carbohydrates are used for energy and structural support. Lipids store energy and are structural components.
- Proteins have diverse functions (structural, enzymes, signaling). Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information.
Chapter 6: Tour of the Cell
- Cells are organized into structures with separate compartments.
- Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in compartmentalization.
- Endomembrane system includes structures like the ER and Golgi apparatus.
- Mitochondria and chloroplasts are responsible for energy production and photosynthesis in eukaryotes..
- Cytoskeleton provides structural support and facilitates movement within the cell. Cell membranes regulate the flow of materials.
Chapter 7: Membrane Structure and Function
- The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane structure
- Membrane proteins perform diverse functions: transport, recognition, signaling.
- Passive transport (diffusion, osmosis) moves materials across membranes based on concentration gradients, and is energy-efficient.
- Active transport against the concentration gradient relies on energy (ATP). Bulk transport includes exocytosis and endocytosis.
Chapter 8: Introduction to Metabolism
- Metabolism involves all chemical reactions in cells.
- Catabolism breaks down molecules, while anabolism builds them.
- Thermodynamics laws govern energy flow.
- Gibbs free energy helps to predict the spontaneity of reactions.
- ATP is the primary energy currency of the cell.
- Enzymes as catalysts speed up metabolic reactions without being consumed.
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
- Cellular respiration breaks down nutrients to extract energy (ATP).
- Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain are crucial steps in cellular respiration.
- Fermentation is an alternative pathway that produces less ATP but occurs without oxygen.
Chapter 10: Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy.
- Photosystems (PSI, PSII) and the Calvin cycle are key components.
- Light-dependent and light-independent reactions are distinct steps in photosynthesis.
- Photorespiration competes with photosynthesis when oxygen levels are high.
Unit 3: Genetics
Chapter 11: Cell Cycle and Mitosis
- Cell division is essential for life's growth and reproduction (mitosis in eukaryotes).
- Stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase).
- Factors affecting the cell cycle (cyclins, Cdks, growth factors).
- Cancer cells often lose regulatory mechanisms.
Chapter 12: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
- Meiosis is the reduction division process for reproduction.
- Stages of meiosis (meiosis I, meiosis II).
- Crossing over and independent assortment generate genetic variation in gametes.
Chapter 13: Mendel and the Gene Idea
- Mendelian genetics (laws of segregation and independent assortment).
- Key terms: alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, dominant, recessive.
- Genetic variations, incomplete dominance, codominance, and multiple alleles.
Chapter 14: The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
- Fruit flies (Drosophila) were important models to study inheritence.
- Chromosomes as carriers of genes.
- Sex chromosomes and sex-linked traits.
- Gene linkage and linkage maps.
- Genetic disorders that manifest from chromosomal abnormalities
Unit 4: Evolution
Chapter 22: The Darwinian View of Life
- Darwin's observations and inferences led to the theory of evolution by natural selection. Natural selection drives adaptation.
- Evidences for evolution (fossils, homology, biogeography).
Chapter 23: Evolution of Populations
- Population genetics, allele frequencies, Hardy-Weinberg principle (conditions for no evolution), and microevolution (causes of evolution). Genetic drift and gene flow are random mutations and mutations causes change in allele frequencies
- Role of natural selection in adapting populations.
Chapter 24: The Origin of Species
- Biological species concept defines a species as a group.
- Reproductive isolation is the key in speciation. Prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive barriers. -Allopatric and sympatric modes of speciation.
- Importance of gene flow in isolating species.
Chapter 25: Population Ecology
- Principles of population ecology: density, dispersion, demographics.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of biology, including evolution, the scientific method, and the chemical context of life. This quiz covers topics from interactions of atoms to the principles of natural selection. Perfect for students studying essential biological themes and chemical bonding.
