Biology Essentials Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT considered an essential element for life?

  • Gold (correct)
  • Carbon
  • Oxygen
  • Hydrogen
  • According to the provided text, when did the earliest form of life, bacteria, appear on Earth?

  • 5 billion years ago
  • 1 billion years ago
  • 4 billion years ago
  • 3.5 billion years ago (correct)
  • What is the primary difference between photosynthesis and chemosynthesis?

  • Photosynthesis uses sunlight as an energy source, while chemosynthesis uses chemical energy from inorganic compounds. (correct)
  • Photosynthesis produces oxygen, while chemosynthesis does not.
  • Photosynthesis occurs in plants, while chemosynthesis occurs in bacteria.
  • All of the above
  • Based on the text, which of the following is NOT a characteristic shared by all living organisms?

    <p>The ability to move independently. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most widely accepted theory for the origin of life on Earth?

    <p>Life arose spontaneously. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the human body is composed of the four major elements: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen?

    <p>96% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element makes up the largest percentage of the human body?

    <p>Oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atomic number of potassium?

    <p>19 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is considered a trace element, meaning it is found in less than 0.01% of the human body?

    <p>Iron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance is considered the molecule that supports all of life?

    <p>Water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of water content typically found in most cells?

    <p>70-95% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements is true regarding the evolutionary history of life on Earth?

    <p>Life on Earth began in water and evolved there. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is not a physical state of water found on Earth?

    <p>Plasma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the formation of heavier elements?

    <p>Heavier elements were formed inside stars. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main difference between the primitive Earth's atmosphere and the assumed atmosphere in Miller and Urey's experiment?

    <p>The primitive Earth's atmosphere contained ammonia, while Miller and Urey's experiment used oxygen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regarding the origin of life, what is the relationship between organic molecules and protocells?

    <p>Organic molecules are building blocks of protocells, and protocells evolve into primitive cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are stromatolites?

    <p>Colonies of cyanobacteria. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence supports the spontaneous formation of organic molecules?

    <p>The Miller-Urey experiment, which created organic compounds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main difference between the early autotrophic organisms and the later cyanobacteria?

    <p>Early autotrophs used hydrogen sulfide for energy, while cyanobacteria used sunlight. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotes?

    <p>Have a complex internal membrane system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 'Last Universal Common Ancestor' (LUCA) in the history of life?

    <p>LUCA was the ancestor of all currently existing life on Earth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to the last universal common ancestor of all living organisms?

    <p>LUCA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did LUCA likely reside?

    <p>Deep sea vents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main energy source utilized by chemosynthetic organisms?

    <p>Inorganic substances like sulfur (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the process known as endosymbiosis?

    <p>A process where one cell engulfs another, creating a symbiotic relationship. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features are thought to have evolved through endosymbiosis?

    <p>Mitochondria and chloroplasts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell is an Archea?

    <p>Prokaryotic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated age of the earliest fossilized microorganisms found in ferruginous sedimentary rocks in Canada?

    <p>4.3 billion years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with LUCA?

    <p>Aerobic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary mechanism drives the life thriving in the deep sea volcanic vent communities?

    <p>Chemosynthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the density of organisms in volcanic vent zones compare to the surrounding seafloor?

    <p>Significantly higher (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for the initial discovery of hydrothermal vents and their unique ecosystems?

    <p>Advancements in deep-sea exploration technology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of mitochondria and chloroplasts supports the theory of endosymbiosis?

    <p>They contain their own DNA and reproduce independently (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary advantage of sexual reproduction in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Increased genetic diversity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of environment would be most likely to support chemosynthetic bacteria?

    <p>A deep sea hydrothermal vent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term "endosymbiosis" refer to?

    <p>The process by which a larger cell engulfs a smaller cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic that distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Presence of a nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the environment of hydrothermal vents?

    <p>They are rich in hydrogen sulfide and other dissolved minerals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do chemosynthetic bacteria at hydrothermal vents obtain energy?

    <p>By oxidizing hydrogen sulfide to produce energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of chemosynthetic bacteria in hydrothermal vent ecosystems?

    <p>Serving as the base of the food chain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do giant tube worms obtain nutrients in hydrothermal vent ecosystems?

    <p>They have a symbiotic relationship with chemosynthetic bacteria. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of 'black smokers' in hydrothermal vent ecosystems?

    <p>They release black smoke due to the precipitation of sulfide minerals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the chemical reaction involving hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in hydrothermal vents?

    <p>It provides energy for chemosynthetic bacteria, forming the base of the vent food chain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the role of temperature in hydrothermal vent ecosystems?

    <p>Temperature influences the types of organisms that can thrive in a particular area. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Common Elements in Living Matter

    Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen make up 96% of living matter.

    Trace Elements

    Elements that make up less than 0.01% of the human body.

    Water's Role in Life

    Water is essential for all living organisms and makes up 70-95% of cells.

    Percentage of Oxygen in Human Body

    Oxygen constitutes about 65% of human body weight.

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    Nitrogen in the Body

    Nitrogen accounts for about 3.3% of human body weight.

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    Calcium's Role

    Calcium comprises about 1.5% of human body weight and is crucial for bones.

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    Phosphorus Importance

    Phosphorus accounts for about 1.0% of body weight, important for DNA and ATP.

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    Elements Making Up Less than 4%

    Includes sulfur, potassium, sodium, magnesium, and others with minor body presence.

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    LUCA

    The last universal common ancestor of all life on Earth, existing around 3.7 billion years ago.

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    Chemosynthesis

    A process used by autotrophic cells to produce food without oxygen, using inorganic substances for energy.

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    Archaea

    A group of prokaryotic cells that thrive in extreme environments and use chemosynthesis.

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    First Eukaryotic Cells

    Complex cells that likely emerged about 1.5 billion years ago, featuring membrane-bound organelles.

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    Endosymbiotic Theory

    A theory explaining the origin of eukaryotic cells where engulfed bacteria evolved into organelles like mitochondria.

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    Anaerobic

    Describing organisms that can live without oxygen, like LUCA.

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    Hydrothermal vents

    Submarine structures that may have provided early habitable environments for life on Earth.

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    Endosymbiosis

    A mutually beneficial relationship where one organism lives inside another.

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    Chemosynthetic Bacteria

    Bacteria that create food using chemical reactions, not sunlight.

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    Black Smokers

    Hydrothermal vents that emit dark, mineral-rich water due to metal precipitation.

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    White Smokers

    Hydrothermal vents that release cooler, lighter-colored water compared to black smokers.

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    Tube Worms

    Large marine worms that host chemosynthetic bacteria in a symbiotic relationship.

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    Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)

    A gas oxidized by anaerobic bacteria to form energy-rich sulfur compounds.

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    Chemosynthesis Reaction

    The process using chemical energy from H2S to create organic compounds like sugar.

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    Zonation in Hydrothermal Vents

    Distribution of life forms based on temperature and chemical conditions in vent ecosystems.

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    Base of the Vent Food Chain

    Consists of chemosynthetic bacteria that are primary producers in vent communities.

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    Endosymbiont Theory

    Theory explaining mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living prokaryotes.

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    Mitochondrial DNA

    Circular DNA found in mitochondria, similar to prokaryotic DNA.

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    Chloroplasts

    Organelles in plant cells that conduct photosynthesis and have their own DNA.

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    Binary Fission

    Reproductive process where mitochondria and chloroplasts replicate independently.

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    Eukaryotic Sexual Reproduction

    Form of reproduction leading to genetic recombination in eukaryotes.

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    Volcanic Vent Communities

    Ecosystems found near hydrothermal vents, relying on chemosynthesis rather than photosynthesis.

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    Mutualism

    Type of symbiotic relationship where both species benefit from their interaction.

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    Gravity's Role in Star Formation

    Gravity pulls Hydrogen and Helium together to form stars and galaxies.

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    Origin of Life on Earth

    Earth began lifeless about 5 billion years ago; life arose spontaneously.

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    Organic Molecules

    Primitive Earth's chemicals combined to form organic molecules for life.

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    Protocells

    Organic molecules combined to form primitive cells, known as protocells.

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    Miller-Urey Experiment

    Dr. Miller and Dr. Urey created organic compounds using gases and electricity in 1953.

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    Ancient Microfossils

    Microfossils found in rocks dated 3.7 billion years old resemble early prokaryotic cells.

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    Cyanobacteria's Evolution

    Cyanobacteria evolved to split water molecules, enabling photosynthesis.

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    Last Universal Common Ancestor (Luca)

    Luca is the single-cell organism considered our ultimate relative.

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    Origin of Life

    Life began on Earth about 4 billion years ago, spontaneously from simple molecules.

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    Big Bang Theory

    The prevailing cosmological model explaining the universe's expansion from a singularity.

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    Earliest Life Forms

    The first life on Earth was bacteria, appearing around 3.5 billion years ago.

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    Characteristics of Life

    Living things share traits: made of cells, reproduce, evolve, and obtain energy.

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    Essential Elements

    Of the 118 natural elements, 25 are deemed essential for life.

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    Study Notes

    BY158: The Origin of Life in Hydrothermal Vents

    • The presentation is about the origin of life in hydrothermal vents.
    • A diagram depicts a hydrothermal vent system, including water vapor, electrodes, a condenser, and cooled water containing organic compounds.
    • A sample for chemical analysis is collected.

    Key Content Areas

    • Building Blocks of Life: Essential elements (118 total, 25 essential to life, but 4 key ones -- C, H, N, & O -- make up 96%): a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances via chemical reactions.
    • Big Bang Theory: The universe began with an explosion. Galaxies are moving apart.
    • Origin of Life and Chemical Evolution: Life arose spontaneously on Earth. Earliest form was bacteria approximately 3.5 billion years ago.
    • Volcanic Vents: Active areas for chemical reactions; possibly a site for the first life.
    • Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis: Photosynthesis uses solar energy to make sugar and oxygen. Chemosynthesis uses inorganic reactions to make food.

    Defining Life

    • Biologists define living things as all diverse organisms from a single-celled ancestor that evolved approximately 4 billion years ago.
    • Living organisms share characteristics, including consisting of one or more cells, containing genetic information, reproducing, evolving, converting molecules, extracting energy, and regulating internal environments.

    Essential Elements of Life

    • A minimum of 25 natural elements are essential to life.
    • Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen make up 96% of the mass of most living organisms.

    Life on Earth: Molecular Aspects

    • Water plays a critical role in life.
    • Cells are primarily composed of water.
    • Water's important properties (e.g., hydrogen bonding) are essential to life.
    • There is a universal set of small molecules (sugars, amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids, phospholipids, vitamins, and coenzymes), that unite to build the major macromolecules (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids), in living things.

    Fundamental Properties of Life

    • Cellular organization, sensitivity, growth, development, reproduction, regulation, homeostasis, and heredity are fundamental properties of life.

    Big Bang Theory

    • The universe is expanding, with galaxies moving apart.
    • The Big Bang theory proposes a cataclysmic explosion 8-12 billion years ago, initiating the formation of galaxies.
    • Understanding distances and speeds of galaxies allows us to estimate the age of the universe, which is approximately 20 billion years.

    History of the Universe

    • Quarks clump together to form protons and neutrons.
    • Protons capture electrons to form Hydrogen atoms.
    • The explosion of the Big Bang formed Hydrogen and Helium.
    • Gravity assembled Hydrogen and Helium into stars and galaxies.
    • Heavier elements were created inside stars.

    Origin of Life: Scientific Hypothesis

    • Earth originated as a lifeless planet approximately 5 billion years ago.
    • Life on Earth subsequently arose spontaneously.

    Life to Form Spontaneously

    • Primitive Earth's chemicals needed to combine to form organic molecules, which in turn form primitive cells (protocells).
    • Protocells evolved into true cells.

    Evidence of Organic Molecular Formation

    • Miller and Urey's experiment (1953) demonstrated how organic molecules (e.g., amino acids) could form spontaneously from gases and electric discharges.
    • Recent studies suggest that primitive Earth's atmosphere did not contain ammonia, but rather oxygen.

    Chemical Evolution

    • Chemical evolution led to the formation of protocells.

    Clock Analogy in History of Life

    • The history of life follows a timeline, marking periods like the Precambrian (origin of Earth and prokaryotes), Paleozoic (emergence of land plants and diversification of animals), Mesozoic (continued diversification of animals), and Cenozoic (evolution of humans).

    Earliest Cells

    • Microfossils, possibly 3.7 billion years old, resemble prokaryotes (lacking a nucleus).
    • Stromatolites are colonies of cyanobacteria.

    Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis

    • Photosynthesis uses solar energy to produce carbohydrates.
    • Chemosynthesis uses energy released by inorganic chemical reactions to produce food.

    First Eukaryotic Cells

    • Eukaryotes arose approximately 1.5 billion years ago.
    • Internal membrane-bound structures (like mitochondria and chloroplasts) evolved through endosymbiosis.

    Endosymbiotic Theory

    • Mitochondria and chloroplasts possess their own circular DNA and ribosomes, similar to prokaryotes.
    • They reproduce via binary fission, independent from the host eukaryotic cell.

    Sexual Reproduction in Eukaryotic Cells

    • Eukaryotic cells reproduce sexually, fostering genetic recombination, which is the raw material for evolution.
    • Multicellularity arose from eukaryotes, fostering specialization.

    Important Terms

    • Organic/inorganic, prokaryote/eukaryote, photosynthesis/chemosynthesis, vertebrate/invertebrate, unicellular/multicellular, endosymbiosis

    Hydrothermal Vents

    • Volcanic vents provide unique environments where chemosynthesis, rather than photosynthesis, drives the primary production of life.
    • A higher density of organisms exists in vent zones versus other areas of the ocean floor.
    • Hot springs and unique organisms (like tube worms) were discovered near hydrothermal vents.

    Large Heterotrophic Organisms

    • Chemosynthetic bacteria form the base of the food chain in vent communities, supplying energy to larger heterotrophs through the use of sulfide molecules.
    • Tube worms host bacteria symbiotically for their energy needs.

    Other Supporting Information

    • The origin and evolution of life, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, are topics under investigation.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the essential elements for life and the origins of living organisms. This quiz covers fundamental concepts such as the major elements in the human body, the difference between photosynthesis and chemosynthesis, and evolutionary history.

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