50 Questions
Which subcortical system does the lecturer's research focus on?
Basal ganglia
What is the main topic of the lecture?
Anatomy and function of the basal ganglia
What are the direct and indirect pathways in the basal ganglia important for?
Motor control
What does the lecturer mention as a challenge in studying the anatomy of the basal ganglia?
Jargon and terminology
Which region of the brain plays a crucial role in filtering and refining action plans?
Basal ganglia
What is the most superior nucleus within the basal ganglia?
Caudate nucleus
Which region is not technically part of the basal ganglia, but interacts with it?
Thalamus
What is the key role of neurotransmitters in motor control?
Producing muscle movement
What is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the human brain?
Glutamate
Which pathway promotes the production of movement?
The direct pathway
Which neurotransmitter is used in the inhibitory output from the striatum to the internal globus pallidus?
GABA
What happens when activity flows through the indirect pathway?
Movement is inhibited
Which part of the brain is responsible for narrowing down movement options?
Basal ganglia
What is the role of the striatum in the filtering process?
To refine movement options
Which part of the brain is responsible for showing a clear grey-white matter boundary in MRI scans?
Thalamus
What is the main function of the basal ganglia in the human brain?
To control movement
Which part of the brain is responsible for reward processing?
Limbic loop
What is the function of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex loop?
Planning and working memory
Which loop is particularly relevant for addiction and illicit drug use?
Limbic loop
Which part of the brain is responsible for enabling control of eye movements?
Ocular motor loop
Which of the following is NOT a part of the basal ganglia?
Thalamus
What is the function of the substantia nigra?
Production of melanin pigment
What is the relationship between the caudate nucleus and the putamen?
They form the entry point to the basal ganglia from the cortex
What is the function of the thalamus in the basal ganglia?
Assisting the basal ganglia in motor control
Which structure actively inhibits external galavis politics?
Striatum
What happens to activity levels when you are being inhibited?
They decrease
Which structure is also inhibitory and receives double inhibition?
Sub thalamic nucleus
Why is the inhibitory influence of external global politics not expressed in the sub thalamic nucleus?
Because of low activity levels
Who is not inhibited by the external global politics?
Steven
Which pathway has high activity levels in the subsonic nucleus?
Indirect pathway
Which neurotransmitter is released by the substantia nigra?
Dopamine
What is the role of dopamine in the striatum?
Ramps up MSN excitation
Which neurotransmitter opposes the excitatory effects of dopamine in the striatum?
Acetylcholine
What determines the likelihood of movement taking place through the direct and indirect pathways?
The balance of activity between the two populations of medium spiny neurons
Which pathway is tipped towards promotion of movement?
Direct pathway
Which neurotransmitter is used by the striatum interneurons that dampen down MSN excitation?
Acetylcholine
What is the function of the indirect pathway in the basal ganglia?
Prevent movement
Which region of the brain plays a crucial role in regulating the balance of activity within the basal ganglia?
Substantia nigra
What are the direct and indirect pathways in the basal ganglia important for?
Hierarchical motor control
What is the main function of the basal ganglia in the human brain?
Filtering and refining action plans
Which neurotransmitters are involved in modulating activity within the basal ganglia pathways?
Glutamate and GABA
Which structures are part of the basal ganglia?
Caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus
Which pathway in the basal ganglia promotes movement?
Direct pathway
Which pathway in the basal ganglia withholds movement?
Indirect pathway
Which pathway in the basal ganglia pauses movement?
Hyperdirect pathway
Which anatomical structure within the basal ganglia is divided into pars externa and pars interna?
Globus pallidus
Which regions does the basal ganglia interface with?
Cortex, thalamus, and striatum
Which loops involve the motor cortex, thalamus, striatum, and pallidum in the basal ganglia?
All loops involve these structures
Which neurotransmitter is excitatory in the basal ganglia pathways?
Glutamate
Which neurotransmitter is inhibitory in the basal ganglia pathways?
GABA
Study Notes
Anatomy and Function of the Basal Ganglia
- The basal ganglia are associated with the hierarchical motor control system.
- The basal ganglia have three main functions: motor control, limbic system regulation, and executive function.
- The basal ganglia have direct and indirect pathways that influence motor activity.
- Neurotransmitters, such as glutamate and GABA, play a role in modulating activity within the basal ganglia pathways.
- Pathophysiology in the basal ganglia can lead to movement disorders.
- The basal ganglia consists of several anatomical structures, including the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus.
- The globus pallidus is divided into pars externa and pars interna.
- The basal ganglia interface with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and striatum.
- The basal ganglia loops involve the motor cortex, thalamus, striatum, and pallidum.
- The direct pathway promotes movement, while the indirect pathway withholds movement.
- The hyperdirect pathway pauses movement.
- The pathways in the basal ganglia involve the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate and the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.
Test your knowledge on the excitatory and inhibitory connections in the basal ganglia pathway and their role in promoting movement. Explore the role of glutamate as the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the human brain.
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