T2 L6: Anatomy and function of the Basal Ganglia (CR)
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Questions and Answers

Which subcortical system does the lecturer's research focus on?

  • Thalamus
  • Hippocampus
  • Basal ganglia (correct)
  • Cerebellum

    • What is the main topic of the lecture?

  • Motor control in the brain
  • MRI scan techniques
  • Anatomy and function of the basal ganglia (correct)
  • Cognition and the basal ganglia

    • What are the direct and indirect pathways in the basal ganglia important for?

  • Motor control (correct)
  • Cognition
  • Hormone regulation
  • MRI scan interpretation

    • What does the lecturer mention as a challenge in studying the anatomy of the basal ganglia?

    <p>Jargon and terminology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the brain plays a crucial role in filtering and refining action plans?

    <p>Basal ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most superior nucleus within the basal ganglia?

    <p>Caudate nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region is not technically part of the basal ganglia, but interacts with it?

    <p>Thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key role of neurotransmitters in motor control?

    <p>Producing muscle movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the human brain?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway promotes the production of movement?

    <p>The direct pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is used in the inhibitory output from the striatum to the internal globus pallidus?

    <p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when activity flows through the indirect pathway?

    <p>Movement is inhibited</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for narrowing down movement options?

    <p>Basal ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the striatum in the filtering process?

    <p>To refine movement options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for showing a clear grey-white matter boundary in MRI scans?

    <p>Thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the basal ganglia in the human brain?

    <p>To control movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for reward processing?

    <p>Limbic loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex loop?

    <p>Planning and working memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which loop is particularly relevant for addiction and illicit drug use?

    <p>Limbic loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for enabling control of eye movements?

    <p>Ocular motor loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a part of the basal ganglia?

    <p>Thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the substantia nigra?

    <p>Production of melanin pigment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the caudate nucleus and the putamen?

    <p>They form the entry point to the basal ganglia from the cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the thalamus in the basal ganglia?

    <p>Assisting the basal ganglia in motor control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure actively inhibits external galavis politics?

    <p>Striatum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to activity levels when you are being inhibited?

    <p>They decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is also inhibitory and receives double inhibition?

    <p>Sub thalamic nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the inhibitory influence of external global politics not expressed in the sub thalamic nucleus?

    <p>Because of low activity levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is not inhibited by the external global politics?

    <p>Steven</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway has high activity levels in the subsonic nucleus?

    <p>Indirect pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is released by the substantia nigra?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of dopamine in the striatum?

    <p>Ramps up MSN excitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter opposes the excitatory effects of dopamine in the striatum?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the likelihood of movement taking place through the direct and indirect pathways?

    <p>The balance of activity between the two populations of medium spiny neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is tipped towards promotion of movement?

    <p>Direct pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is used by the striatum interneurons that dampen down MSN excitation?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the indirect pathway in the basal ganglia?

    <p>Prevent movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the brain plays a crucial role in regulating the balance of activity within the basal ganglia?

    <p>Substantia nigra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the direct and indirect pathways in the basal ganglia important for?

    <p>Hierarchical motor control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the basal ganglia in the human brain?

    <p>Filtering and refining action plans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitters are involved in modulating activity within the basal ganglia pathways?

    <p>Glutamate and GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures are part of the basal ganglia?

    <p>Caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway in the basal ganglia promotes movement?

    <p>Direct pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway in the basal ganglia withholds movement?

    <p>Indirect pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway in the basal ganglia pauses movement?

    <p>Hyperdirect pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structure within the basal ganglia is divided into pars externa and pars interna?

    <p>Globus pallidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which regions does the basal ganglia interface with?

    <p>Cortex, thalamus, and striatum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which loops involve the motor cortex, thalamus, striatum, and pallidum in the basal ganglia?

    <p>All loops involve these structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is excitatory in the basal ganglia pathways?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is inhibitory in the basal ganglia pathways?

    <p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anatomy and Function of the Basal Ganglia

    • The basal ganglia are associated with the hierarchical motor control system.
    • The basal ganglia have three main functions: motor control, limbic system regulation, and executive function.
    • The basal ganglia have direct and indirect pathways that influence motor activity.
    • Neurotransmitters, such as glutamate and GABA, play a role in modulating activity within the basal ganglia pathways.
    • Pathophysiology in the basal ganglia can lead to movement disorders.
    • The basal ganglia consists of several anatomical structures, including the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus.
    • The globus pallidus is divided into pars externa and pars interna.
    • The basal ganglia interface with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and striatum.
    • The basal ganglia loops involve the motor cortex, thalamus, striatum, and pallidum.
    • The direct pathway promotes movement, while the indirect pathway withholds movement.
    • The hyperdirect pathway pauses movement.
    • The pathways in the basal ganglia involve the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate and the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.

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    T2 L6. Anatomy and function of the Basal Ganglia (CR).pptx

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the excitatory and inhibitory connections in the basal ganglia pathway and their role in promoting movement. Explore the role of glutamate as the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the human brain.

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