T1 L9: How Drugs control the Brain (NS)
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following neurotransmitters is considered the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

  • Serotonin
  • Glutamate
  • GABA (correct)
  • Dopamine

    • What type of receptors respond to the neurotransmitter GABA?

  • Metabolite tropic receptors (correct)
  • Ion channels
  • G protein coupled receptors
  • NMDA receptors

    • Which neurotransmitter is also a type of local hormone found throughout the body, but is used as a neurotransmitter in the brain?

  • Histamine (correct)
  • Serotonin
  • Glutamate
  • Dopamine

    • What happens if there is too much GABA in the brain?

    <p>Loss of consciousness and coma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neurons are responsible for keeping the excitation in the cortex in check?

    <p>GABAergic interneurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of GABAergic interneurons in the cortex?

    <p>Output control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is important for working memory?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily synthesized in the brainstem and projects diffusely in different parts of the cortex, spinal cord, and cerebellum?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is responsible for maintaining the balance between excitation and inhibition?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is responsible for fast, inhibitory, postsynaptic potentials?

    <p>Ligand gated chloride ion channel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of gabaergic interneurons for beta receptors?

    <p>To modulate the release of GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of g protein coupled receptors?

    <p>To modulate the release of GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chloride ions in the GABA receptor?

    <p>They flux through the channel depending on the resting potential of the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the dopaminergic projections in the basal ganglia?

    <p>Control of working memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of dopamine receptor agonists in the treatment of Parkinson's disease?

    <p>They enhance the function of dopamine receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is responsible for reinforcement of natural reinforcers and is also hijacked by drugs of abuse?

    <p>The limbic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of typical antipsychotics like chlorpromazine and haloperidol?

    <p>They block dopamine receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances can bind to the GABA receptor and enhance its activity?

    <p>Benzodiazepine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances can cause amnesia when administered?

    <p>Benzodiazepine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances can act as an inverse agonist on the GABA receptor, producing anxiety and predisposing to convulsions?

    <p>PCP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances can have additive effects on the GABA receptor when combined, potentially leading to fatal outcomes?

    <p>Barbiturates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the side effects caused by chronically blocking the receptors on the motor system?

    <p>Tardive dyskinesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which generation of antipsychotics is more specific to receptor subtypes found in the cortex?

    <p>Second generation antipsychotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors do second generation antipsychotics, like clozapine, tend to antagonize?

    <p>D4 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia mentioned in the text?

    <p>Jerky movements on the limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Do the side effects caused by chronically blocking the receptors on the motor system go away after stopping the drugs?

    <p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chloride ions in the GABA receptor?

    <p>They enhance the activity of the GABA receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neurons are responsible for keeping the excitation in the cortex in check?

    <p>GABAergic interneurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is responsible for reinforcement of natural reinforcers and is also hijacked by drugs of abuse?

    <p>Dopaminergic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily synthesized in the brainstem and projects diffusely in different parts of the cortex, spinal cord, and cerebellum?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is responsible for maintaining the balance between excitation and inhibition?

    <p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter does NOT have ionotropic receptors, but only metabotropic receptors?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is responsible for reinforcement of associated behaviors and is increased by drugs like cocaine and amphetamine?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the immediate effects of cocaine and amphetamine?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily synthesized in the brainstem and projects diffusely in different parts of the cortex, spinal cord, and cerebellum?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of dopamine receptor agonists in the treatment of Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Increase dopamine levels in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of GABAergic interneurons in the cortex?

    <p>Maintain the balance between excitation and inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antipsychotic medication is specific to receptor subtypes found in the cortex and reduces psychosis associated with schizophrenia without causing extrapyramidal side effects?

    <p>Clozapine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is responsible for fast, excitatory, postsynaptic potentials?

    <p>Nicotinic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of GABAergic interneurons in the cortex?

    <p>To regulate the balance between excitation and inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily synthesized in the brainstem and projects diffusely in different parts of the cortex, spinal cord, and cerebellum?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is responsible for reinforcement of natural reinforcers and is also hijacked by drugs of abuse?

    <p>The dopaminergic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is responsible for motor control?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of typical antipsychotics like chlorpromazine and haloperidol?

    <p>They act as antagonists at dopamine receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances can bind to the GABA receptor and enhance its activity?

    <p>Benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter does NOT have ionotropic receptors, but only metabotropic receptors?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about GABA(A) receptors?

    <p>They are ionotropic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an indirect agonist of GABA(A) receptors?

    <p>Benzodiazepine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of benzodiazepines on GABA(A) receptors?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances can enhance GABA(A) activity and have additive effects when combined?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of GABAergic interneurons in the cortex?

    <p>Maintain balance between excitation and inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about dopamine receptors?

    <p>Dopamine receptors are involved in motor control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the mesolimbic system in the dopaminergic system?

    <p>Reinforcement of stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The majority of the Dopamine in the brain is found in the:

    <p>mesolimbic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family of GABA receptor is this?:

    Ligand gated Cl- channel Fast IPSPs Mainly GABAergic interneurons

    <p>GABA(A) ionotropic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family of GABA receptor is this?

    G protein coupled receptors Indirectly coupled to K+ or Ca2+ channel through 2nd messengers(opens K+ channel, closes Ca2+ channel) Slow IPSPs Both pre- and post- synaptic

    <p>GABA(B) metabotropic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT true regarding GABA(A) receptors?

    <p>Cl- channel gated by the binding of three agonist molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT true regarding GABA(A) receptors and drugs? GABA (A) is a complex receptor with multiple binding sites Direct and indirect agonists and antagonists.

    <p>Direct: Barbiturates increase the duration of channel openings(anaesthesia, epilepsy treatment)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT true regarding GABA(A) Receptor - benzodiazepine actione.g. diazepam (Valium)?

    <p>Direct agonist - benzodiazepine binds to a subunit, changes conformation of the receptor so GABA activation of receptor is more effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT true regarding GABA(A) Rs - barbiturates and alcohol?

    <p>Bind at same sites on the receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT true regarding GABA(B) receptor – metabotropic?

    <p>Inhibition of GABA(B) transmission has same behavioural outcome as inhibition of GABA(A) receptors(e.g. seizure)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these does not bind to a GABA(A)R?

    <p>PCP (phencyclidine)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    GABA is always an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

    <p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT true regarding Neurotransmitter systems?

    <p>GABA neurons - project neurons, maintain balance between excitation and inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are specific populations of neurons that project diffusely and modulate theactivity of Glutamate and GABA neurons in their target areas called?

    .Dopaminergic (DA)Serotonergic (5-HT)Noradrenergic (NA/NE)AdrenergicCholinergic (ACh)Histaminergic

    <p>The Diffuse Modulatory Systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is part of the the dopaminergic system?

    Dopamine neurons- cell bodies in the midbrain- project into the forebrain

    <p>all of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT true regarding Dopamine (DA) receptors?

    <p>They are Metabotropic receptors D1-4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true regarding Nigrostriatal system?

    <p>cell bodies in the substantia nigra project to the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen)Important part of the basal ganglia involved in movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is NOT true regarding dysfunction to the Nigrostriatal system?

    <p>Huntington’s disease destruction of DA target neurons in basal ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT true regarding The dopaminergic system contd: Mesolimbic system

    <p>Dysfunction:Addiction - most drugs of abuse lead to reduced DA release in the NAcc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT true regarding the The dopaminergic system contd: Mesocortical system

    <p>Mesocortical system –prefrontal cortex to VTA projections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DA acts through ionotropic receptors

    <p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT true regarding The Serotonergic system?

    <p>raphe nuerons loud during sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Serotonergic system function in:-mood sleep pain emotion appetite and can be ionotropic or metabotrophic. Which statement is NOT true regarding grugs with effects on serotonergic receptors

    <p>Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) - ecstasy blocks serotonin (and norepinephrine) transporters and decreases release of serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT true regarding The Noradrenergic System?

    <p>Only Alpha adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT true regarding the The Adrenergic system?

    <p>Acts on β- adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT true regarding Disorders of the cholinergic system?

    <p>Addiction: alcohol addiction</p> Signup and view all the answers

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