77 Questions
Which of the following neurotransmitters is considered the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
GABA
What type of receptors respond to the neurotransmitter GABA?
Metabolite tropic receptors
Which neurotransmitter is also a type of local hormone found throughout the body, but is used as a neurotransmitter in the brain?
Histamine
What happens if there is too much GABA in the brain?
Loss of consciousness and coma
Which type of neurons are responsible for keeping the excitation in the cortex in check?
GABAergic interneurons
What is the main function of GABAergic interneurons in the cortex?
Output control
Which neurotransmitter is important for working memory?
Dopamine
Which neurotransmitter is primarily synthesized in the brainstem and projects diffusely in different parts of the cortex, spinal cord, and cerebellum?
Serotonin
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for maintaining the balance between excitation and inhibition?
Acetylcholine
Which type of receptor is responsible for fast, inhibitory, postsynaptic potentials?
Ligand gated chloride ion channel
What is the main function of gabaergic interneurons for beta receptors?
To modulate the release of GABA
What is the main function of g protein coupled receptors?
To modulate the release of GABA
What is the role of chloride ions in the GABA receptor?
They flux through the channel depending on the resting potential of the membrane
Which of the following is a function of the dopaminergic projections in the basal ganglia?
Control of working memory
What is the role of dopamine receptor agonists in the treatment of Parkinson's disease?
They enhance the function of dopamine receptors
Which system is responsible for reinforcement of natural reinforcers and is also hijacked by drugs of abuse?
The limbic system
What is the mechanism of action of typical antipsychotics like chlorpromazine and haloperidol?
They block dopamine receptors
Which of the following substances can bind to the GABA receptor and enhance its activity?
Benzodiazepine
Which of the following substances can cause amnesia when administered?
Benzodiazepine
Which of the following substances can act as an inverse agonist on the GABA receptor, producing anxiety and predisposing to convulsions?
PCP
Which of the following substances can have additive effects on the GABA receptor when combined, potentially leading to fatal outcomes?
Barbiturates
What are the side effects caused by chronically blocking the receptors on the motor system?
Tardive dyskinesia
Which generation of antipsychotics is more specific to receptor subtypes found in the cortex?
Second generation antipsychotics
Which receptors do second generation antipsychotics, like clozapine, tend to antagonize?
D4 receptors
What are the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia mentioned in the text?
Jerky movements on the limbs
Do the side effects caused by chronically blocking the receptors on the motor system go away after stopping the drugs?
No
What is the role of chloride ions in the GABA receptor?
They enhance the activity of the GABA receptor
Which type of neurons are responsible for keeping the excitation in the cortex in check?
GABAergic interneurons
Which system is responsible for reinforcement of natural reinforcers and is also hijacked by drugs of abuse?
Dopaminergic system
Which neurotransmitter is primarily synthesized in the brainstem and projects diffusely in different parts of the cortex, spinal cord, and cerebellum?
Serotonin
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for maintaining the balance between excitation and inhibition?
GABA
Which neurotransmitter does NOT have ionotropic receptors, but only metabotropic receptors?
Serotonin
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for reinforcement of associated behaviors and is increased by drugs like cocaine and amphetamine?
Dopamine
What are the immediate effects of cocaine and amphetamine?
All of the above
Which neurotransmitter is primarily synthesized in the brainstem and projects diffusely in different parts of the cortex, spinal cord, and cerebellum?
Serotonin
What is the role of dopamine receptor agonists in the treatment of Parkinson's disease?
Increase dopamine levels in the brain
What is the main function of GABAergic interneurons in the cortex?
Maintain the balance between excitation and inhibition
Which antipsychotic medication is specific to receptor subtypes found in the cortex and reduces psychosis associated with schizophrenia without causing extrapyramidal side effects?
Clozapine
Which type of receptor is responsible for fast, excitatory, postsynaptic potentials?
Nicotinic receptors
What is the main function of GABAergic interneurons in the cortex?
To regulate the balance between excitation and inhibition
Which neurotransmitter is primarily synthesized in the brainstem and projects diffusely in different parts of the cortex, spinal cord, and cerebellum?
Norepinephrine
Which system is responsible for reinforcement of natural reinforcers and is also hijacked by drugs of abuse?
The dopaminergic system
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for motor control?
Acetylcholine
What is the mechanism of action of typical antipsychotics like chlorpromazine and haloperidol?
They act as antagonists at dopamine receptors
Which of the following substances can bind to the GABA receptor and enhance its activity?
Benzodiazepines
Which neurotransmitter does NOT have ionotropic receptors, but only metabotropic receptors?
Dopamine
Which of the following is true about GABA(A) receptors?
They are ionotropic receptors
Which of the following is an indirect agonist of GABA(A) receptors?
Benzodiazepine
What is the main effect of benzodiazepines on GABA(A) receptors?
All of the above
Which of the following substances can enhance GABA(A) activity and have additive effects when combined?
All of the above
What is the main function of GABAergic interneurons in the cortex?
Maintain balance between excitation and inhibition
Which of the following is true about dopamine receptors?
Dopamine receptors are involved in motor control
What is the main role of the mesolimbic system in the dopaminergic system?
Reinforcement of stimuli
The majority of the Dopamine in the brain is found in the:
mesolimbic system
Which family of GABA receptor is this?:
Ligand gated Cl- channel Fast IPSPs Mainly GABAergic interneurons
GABA(A) ionotropic receptors
Which family of GABA receptor is this?
G protein coupled receptors Indirectly coupled to K+ or Ca2+ channel through 2nd messengers(opens K+ channel, closes Ca2+ channel) Slow IPSPs Both pre- and post- synaptic
GABA(B) metabotropic receptors
What is NOT true regarding GABA(A) receptors?
Cl- channel gated by the binding of three agonist molecules
What is NOT true regarding GABA(A) receptors and drugs? GABA (A) is a complex receptor with multiple binding sites Direct and indirect agonists and antagonists.
Direct: Barbiturates increase the duration of channel openings(anaesthesia, epilepsy treatment)
What is NOT true regarding GABA(A) Receptor - benzodiazepine actione.g. diazepam (Valium)?
Direct agonist - benzodiazepine binds to a subunit, changes conformation of the receptor so GABA activation of receptor is more effective
What is NOT true regarding GABA(A) Rs - barbiturates and alcohol?
Bind at same sites on the receptor
What is NOT true regarding GABA(B) receptor – metabotropic?
Inhibition of GABA(B) transmission has same behavioural outcome as inhibition of GABA(A) receptors(e.g. seizure)
Which of these does not bind to a GABA(A)R?
PCP (phencyclidine)
GABA is always an inhibitory neurotransmitter?
No
What is NOT true regarding Neurotransmitter systems?
GABA neurons - project neurons, maintain balance between excitation and inhibition
What are specific populations of neurons that project diffusely and modulate theactivity of Glutamate and GABA neurons in their target areas called?
.Dopaminergic (DA)Serotonergic (5-HT)Noradrenergic (NA/NE)AdrenergicCholinergic (ACh)Histaminergic
The Diffuse Modulatory Systems
What is part of the the dopaminergic system?
Dopamine neurons- cell bodies in the midbrain- project into the forebrain
all of the above
What is NOT true regarding Dopamine (DA) receptors?
They are Metabotropic receptors D1-4
What is true regarding Nigrostriatal system?
cell bodies in the substantia nigra project to the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen)Important part of the basal ganglia involved in movement.
Which statement is NOT true regarding dysfunction to the Nigrostriatal system?
Huntington’s disease destruction of DA target neurons in basal ganglia
What is NOT true regarding The dopaminergic system contd: Mesolimbic system
Dysfunction:Addiction - most drugs of abuse lead to reduced DA release in the NAcc
What is NOT true regarding the The dopaminergic system contd: Mesocortical system
Mesocortical system –prefrontal cortex to VTA projections
DA acts through ionotropic receptors
No
What is NOT true regarding The Serotonergic system?
raphe nuerons loud during sleep
The Serotonergic system function in:-mood sleep pain emotion appetite and can be ionotropic or metabotrophic. Which statement is NOT true regarding grugs with effects on serotonergic receptors
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) - ecstasy blocks serotonin (and norepinephrine) transporters and decreases release of serotonin
What is NOT true regarding The Noradrenergic System?
Only Alpha adrenergic receptors
What is NOT true regarding the The Adrenergic system?
Acts on β- adrenergic receptors
What is NOT true regarding Disorders of the cholinergic system?
Addiction: alcohol addiction
Test your knowledge on Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases and their relation to the basal ganglia. Learn about the destruction of dopaminergic projections and the role of L-dopa in treatment.
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