38 Questions
What is the function of the subthalamic nucleus?
Integration of smooth movements of different parts of the body
Which structure is located in the temporal lobe near the uncus?
Amygdaloid nucleus
What is the main function of the basal ganglia?
Regulation of motor movements
Which structure is NOT a component of the basal ganglia?
Cerebellum
What is the result of a lesion in the basal ganglia?
Involuntary movement and persistence of muscle strength
What is the function of the globus pallidus?
Participating in the sequencing and autonomic execution of learned motor plans
What is the primary function of the substantia nigra?
Production of dopamine
What is the characteristic of the globus pallidus?
Pale – sparse large cells traversed by many myelinated fibers
What is the name of the pathway that connects the basal ganglia to the thalamus?
Direct pathway
What is the name of the disease caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra?
Parkinson's disease
What is the effect of the basal ganglia on the 'final common pathway'?
Indirect connection to lower motor neurons
What is the disorder associated with the subthalamic nucleus?
Ballism/Hemiballismus
What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
Coordination of motor movements
What is the name of the layer in the cerebellar cortex where the Purkinje cells are located?
Purkinje cell layer
What type of signals does the cerebral cortex send to the striatum?
Excitatory signals
What is the result of the subthalamic nucleus sending excitatory signals to the GPi?
Inhibition of the thalamus
What happens when dopamine binds to D1 receptors in the striatum?
Further excitation of the striatum
What is the result of the GPi sending inhibitory signals to the thalamus?
Inhibition of the cortex
What is the role of dopamine in the indirect pathway?
Inhibition of the indirect pathway
What happens when the subthalamic nucleus excites the substantia nigra?
Substantia nigra releases more dopamine
What is the ultimate result of the regulation of dopamine release in the indirect pathway?
Increased muscle movement
What is the primary function of the rubrospinal tract in the globose-emboliform-rubral pathway?
Influence of ipsilateral motor activity
Which nucleus do axons of neurons in the globose and emboliform nuclei synapse with in the globose-emboliform-rubral pathway?
Red nucleus
How many times do the fibers cross in the globose-emboliform-rubral pathway?
Twice, at the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle and in the rubrospinal tract
Which pathway forms the vestibulospinal tract?
Fastigial vestibular pathway
What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract?
Influence of ipsilateral extensor muscle tone
Which peduncle do axons of neurons in the fastigial nucleus travel through?
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Which of the following pathways is NOT mentioned in the text?
Corticospinal pathway
What is the term for the rhythmic oscillations of the eyes due to irregular contraction and recontraction of the ocular muscles?
Nystagmus
What is the term for the tremors present only during purposeful movements?
Intentional Tremor
What is the cause of slurred speech in cerebellar disease?
Ataxia of the muscles of the larynx
What is the result of diminished influence on the γ motor neurons from the cerebellum?
Hypotonia
What is the difference between intentional tremor and the fine tremors from the basal ganglia?
Characteristics of the tremors
What is the term for the ataxia of the ocular muscles?
Nystagmus
What is the term for the lack of muscle tone in cerebellar disease?
Hypotonia
What is the characteristic of the intentional tremor in neocerebellar disease?
Present during purposeful movement
What is the result of the irregular contraction and recontraction of the ocular muscles?
Nystagmus
What is the term for the uncoordinated movement of the eyes?
Nystagmus
Study Notes
Basal Ganglia
- Subthalamic nucleus (of Luys) integrates smooth movements of different parts of the body
- Subthalamic nucleus is shaped like a biconvex lens between the thalamus and tegmentum
- Disorder: Ballism/Hemiballismus
Globus Pallidus
- Located medial to putamen, lateral to internal capsule
- Divided into:
- Globus pallidus externa (GPe)
- Globus pallidus interna (GPi)
Amygdaloid Nucleus
- Located in the temporal lobe near the uncus
- Part of the limbic system
- Can influence the body's response to environmental changes
- Can affect blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate when afraid
Functions and Connections of the Basal Ganglia
- Monitors progress of movement
- Participates in the sequencing and autonomic execution of learned motor plans
- Does not initiate movement
- Affects the "final common pathway" (lower motor neurons) indirectly
- Effects are contralateral to the side of the lesion
- Strength of the muscle persists, but there is emergence of involuntary movement when there is a lesion
- No muscle atrophy noted
Anatomy of Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum
- Basal ganglia and components
- Corpus striatum
- Amygdaloid nucleus
- Claustrum
- Non-telencephalic nuclei
Diseases of the Basal Ganglia
- Parkinson's disease
- Ballism/Hemiballismus
- Chorea
- Syndenham's chorea
- Athetosis
- Dystonia
Cerebellum
- Function: learning and coordination of movements
- Lobes
- Anterior lobe
- Posterior lobe
- Flocculonodular lobe
- Fissures
- Cerebellar peduncles and connections
Cerebellar Cortex
- Layers and cell types
- Functional zones
- Intracerebellar nuclei
- Cerebellar cortical mechanisms
- Direction of signal
Cerebellar Peduncles
- Afferent pathways
- Efferent pathways
- Feedback loop
- Signs of cerebellar damage
- Review questions
Efferent Cerebellar Tracts
- Globose-emboliform-rubral pathway
- Fastigial reticular pathway
- Dentatothalamic pathway
- Vestibulospinal tract
- Influences ipsilateral extensor muscle tone
Cerebellar Diseases
- Characteristics: intentional tremor, slurred speech, hypotonia
- Intentional tremor: tremors present only during a purposeful movement
- Slurred speech: caused by the ataxia of the different muscles of the larynx
- Hypotonia: exists when the muscle tone is diminished or absent
This quiz covers the anatomy and functions of the Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum, including their components, pathways, and connections. It's based on a lecture by Dr. Maria Cristina Paz Esperanza Ablaza-Candelaria. Test your knowledge of the motor system circuits and suprasegmental control.
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