Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum Anatomy
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the subthalamic nucleus?

  • Initiation of movement
  • Monitoring progress of movement
  • Sequencing and autonomic execution of learned motor plans
  • Integration of smooth movements of different parts of the body (correct)

    • Which structure is located in the temporal lobe near the uncus?

  • Amygdaloid nucleus (correct)
  • Subthalamic nucleus
  • Globus pallidus
  • Substantia nigra

    • What is the main function of the basal ganglia?

  • Storage of short-term memory
  • Regulation of motor movements (correct)
  • Processing of sensory information
  • Control of emotional responses

    • Which structure is NOT a component of the basal ganglia?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a lesion in the basal ganglia?

    <p>Involuntary movement and persistence of muscle strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the globus pallidus?

    <p>Participating in the sequencing and autonomic execution of learned motor plans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the substantia nigra?

    <p>Production of dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the globus pallidus?

    <p>Pale – sparse large cells traversed by many myelinated fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the pathway that connects the basal ganglia to the thalamus?

    <p>Direct pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disease caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra?

    <p>Parkinson's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the basal ganglia on the 'final common pathway'?

    <p>Indirect connection to lower motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disorder associated with the subthalamic nucleus?

    <p>Ballism/Hemiballismus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cerebellum?

    <p>Coordination of motor movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the layer in the cerebellar cortex where the Purkinje cells are located?

    <p>Purkinje cell layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of signals does the cerebral cortex send to the striatum?

    <p>Excitatory signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the subthalamic nucleus sending excitatory signals to the GPi?

    <p>Inhibition of the thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when dopamine binds to D1 receptors in the striatum?

    <p>Further excitation of the striatum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the GPi sending inhibitory signals to the thalamus?

    <p>Inhibition of the cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of dopamine in the indirect pathway?

    <p>Inhibition of the indirect pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the subthalamic nucleus excites the substantia nigra?

    <p>Substantia nigra releases more dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate result of the regulation of dopamine release in the indirect pathway?

    <p>Increased muscle movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the rubrospinal tract in the globose-emboliform-rubral pathway?

    <p>Influence of ipsilateral motor activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nucleus do axons of neurons in the globose and emboliform nuclei synapse with in the globose-emboliform-rubral pathway?

    <p>Red nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many times do the fibers cross in the globose-emboliform-rubral pathway?

    <p>Twice, at the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle and in the rubrospinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway forms the vestibulospinal tract?

    <p>Fastigial vestibular pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract?

    <p>Influence of ipsilateral extensor muscle tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which peduncle do axons of neurons in the fastigial nucleus travel through?

    <p>Inferior cerebellar peduncle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathways is NOT mentioned in the text?

    <p>Corticospinal pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the rhythmic oscillations of the eyes due to irregular contraction and recontraction of the ocular muscles?

    <p>Nystagmus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the tremors present only during purposeful movements?

    <p>Intentional Tremor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of slurred speech in cerebellar disease?

    <p>Ataxia of the muscles of the larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of diminished influence on the γ motor neurons from the cerebellum?

    <p>Hypotonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between intentional tremor and the fine tremors from the basal ganglia?

    <p>Characteristics of the tremors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ataxia of the ocular muscles?

    <p>Nystagmus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the lack of muscle tone in cerebellar disease?

    <p>Hypotonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the intentional tremor in neocerebellar disease?

    <p>Present during purposeful movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the irregular contraction and recontraction of the ocular muscles?

    <p>Nystagmus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the uncoordinated movement of the eyes?

    <p>Nystagmus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Basal Ganglia

    • Subthalamic nucleus (of Luys) integrates smooth movements of different parts of the body
    • Subthalamic nucleus is shaped like a biconvex lens between the thalamus and tegmentum
    • Disorder: Ballism/Hemiballismus

    Globus Pallidus

    • Located medial to putamen, lateral to internal capsule
    • Divided into:
      • Globus pallidus externa (GPe)
      • Globus pallidus interna (GPi)

    Amygdaloid Nucleus

    • Located in the temporal lobe near the uncus
    • Part of the limbic system
    • Can influence the body's response to environmental changes
    • Can affect blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate when afraid

    Functions and Connections of the Basal Ganglia

    • Monitors progress of movement
    • Participates in the sequencing and autonomic execution of learned motor plans
    • Does not initiate movement
    • Affects the "final common pathway" (lower motor neurons) indirectly
    • Effects are contralateral to the side of the lesion
    • Strength of the muscle persists, but there is emergence of involuntary movement when there is a lesion
    • No muscle atrophy noted

    Anatomy of Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum

    • Basal ganglia and components
    • Corpus striatum
    • Amygdaloid nucleus
    • Claustrum
    • Non-telencephalic nuclei

    Diseases of the Basal Ganglia

    • Parkinson's disease
    • Ballism/Hemiballismus
    • Chorea
    • Syndenham's chorea
    • Athetosis
    • Dystonia

    Cerebellum

    • Function: learning and coordination of movements
    • Lobes
      • Anterior lobe
      • Posterior lobe
      • Flocculonodular lobe
    • Fissures
    • Cerebellar peduncles and connections

    Cerebellar Cortex

    • Layers and cell types
    • Functional zones
    • Intracerebellar nuclei
    • Cerebellar cortical mechanisms
    • Direction of signal

    Cerebellar Peduncles

    • Afferent pathways
    • Efferent pathways
    • Feedback loop
    • Signs of cerebellar damage
    • Review questions

    Efferent Cerebellar Tracts

    • Globose-emboliform-rubral pathway
    • Fastigial reticular pathway
    • Dentatothalamic pathway
    • Vestibulospinal tract
    • Influences ipsilateral extensor muscle tone

    Cerebellar Diseases

    • Characteristics: intentional tremor, slurred speech, hypotonia
    • Intentional tremor: tremors present only during a purposeful movement
    • Slurred speech: caused by the ataxia of the different muscles of the larynx
    • Hypotonia: exists when the muscle tone is diminished or absent

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    Description

    This quiz covers the anatomy and functions of the Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum, including their components, pathways, and connections. It's based on a lecture by Dr. Maria Cristina Paz Esperanza Ablaza-Candelaria. Test your knowledge of the motor system circuits and suprasegmental control.

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