18 Questions
Which mechanism allows Listeria monocytogenes and Shigella to survive within the phagolysosome?
Preventing fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes
How do some bacteria like S.pyogenes evade the specific immune response?
By producing capsules that resemble host tissue components
Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of a blood clot, protecting bacteria from phagocytosis?
Coagulase
What is the role of Streptokinase in bacterial infections?
Dissolves fibrin clots used by the body to restrict infection areas
Which enzyme is known as the 'spreading factor' and digests hyaluronic acid?
Hyaluronidase
How do hemolysins contribute to bacterial virulence?
Cause lysis of erythrocytes
Which type of bacterial toxin is composed of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and is part of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria cell walls?
Endotoxin
What type of toxin is secreted by living bacterial cells into the infected tissue, showing strong specificity for a target cell?
Exotoxin
Which category of exotoxins adversely impacts the nervous system, leading to symptoms such as paralysis?
Neurotoxins
What are the earliest symptoms of disease caused by the activation of the body defenses?
Pain, soreness, swelling
Which factor greatly influences the dissemination of infection by determining how pathogens depart from the body?
Portals of exit
Exotoxins can be categorized based on their impact on different tissues; which category damages various cell types?
Cytotoxins
Which attribute of antibiotics refers to their ability to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria without harming the host?
Selective toxicity
How do most commonly used antibiotics exert their effect?
Interference with protein synthesis
Which classification of antimicrobial agents distinguishes between narrow-spectrum and broad-spectrum drugs?
Antimicrobial spectrum
What is the estimated percentage of human pathogens that have zoonotic origins?
70%
Which disease is caused by Bacillus anthracis and is considered a zoonotic infection?
Anthrax
What is the primary mode of action for antibiotics that disrupt cell membranes?
Directly destroying the cell wall
Explore the various strategies employed by bacteria to evade the specific immune responses within the host, such as surviving within the phagolysosome, preventing fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes, and producing capsules that resemble host tissue components. Test your knowledge on bacterial mechanisms of immune evasion!
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