36 Questions
What did Louis Pasteur's 'swan neck experiment' demonstrate?
Microorganisms do not just spontaneously arise.
What did Joseph Lister innovate to prevent infections during surgery?
Development of surgery methods to prevent infections.
What is the highest rank in microbial taxonomy?
Domain
How are gene names and protein names typically correlated in bacteria?
Both gene names and protein names consist of three lowercase letters followed by an uppercase fourth letter.
What is the term for organisms that are variable in shape?
Pleomorphic
What is the purpose of the 'swan neck' in Louis Pasteur's experiment?
To prevent microorganisms from developing in nutrient solutions placed in flasks.
What is the function of external receptors on the cell surface in receptor-mediated endocytosis?
They specifically bind to macromolecules
What is the main difference between bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes?
Eukaryotic ribosomes have 60S + 40S subunits while bacterial ribosomes have 40S + 60S subunits
What is the role of cilia and flagella in eukaryotic cells?
They are associated with motility
What is a viroid composed of?
Nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)
What do all virions contain?
Nucleic acid and a protein coat (capsid)
What is the function of envelope proteins in viruses?
They are involved in viral attachment to host cells
What type of transport uses ion gradients to cotransport substances?
Secondary active transport
Which type of transport chemically modifies molecules as it is brought into the cell?
Group translocation
What is the major component of the bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan?
Meshlike polymer of identical subunits forming long strands
Which type of bacteria has a cell wall that consists primarily of peptidoglycan and may also contain teichoic acids?
Gram-positive
What do Gram-negative cell walls consist of, in addition to a thin layer of peptidoglycan?
Lipids, lipoproteins, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
What connects to peptidoglycan and lipids in the plasma membrane in Gram-positive cell walls?
Lipoteichoic acids (LTA)
What are the two types of alternative sugars in the peptidoglycan structure?
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
What is very insoluble, making its uptake difficult for microorganisms?
(Fe3+)
Which type of bacteria consists of a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane composed of lipids, lipoproteins, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)?
Gram-negative
What do Gram-positive cell walls primarily consist of?
Peptidoglycan
What is covalently linked to peptidoglycan in Gram-negative cell walls?
Cell wall proteins with the LPXTG protein sequence
What are the two types based on gram stain?
Gram-positive and Gram-negative
Which structure aids in the condensation of the nucleoid in bacteria?
Nucleoid associated proteins (NAPs)
What is the main function of plasmids in bacteria?
Conjugation
Which type of motility involves short, intermittent, jerky motions due to pili at the ends of the cell?
Twitching motility
What is the purpose of bacterial endospore formation?
Environmental adaptation
Which statement best describes the movement of a bacterium during chemotaxis?
With increased concentration of attractant, the frequency of counterclockwise (CCW) rotation decreases
What is the role of nucleoid associated proteins (NAPs) in bacteria?
Folding and condensation of the nucleoid
What is the main function of flagella in bacteria?
Motility and attachment to surfaces
Which structure is required for conjugation in bacteria?
Pili
What triggers the process of sporulation in bacteria?
Lack of nutrients
What is the main feature that distinguishes Archaea from Bacteria and Eukarya?
Unique elements specific to Archaea
What is a characteristic feature of spirochete motility in bacteria?
Periplasmic flagella inside outer membrane
What is the smallest observed size for Archaeal rods?
0.2 μm in diameter
Test your knowledge on the organization of bacterial DNA, including supercoiling, nucleoid associated proteins, and the characteristics of plasmids. Learn about the structure and function of extrachromosomal DNA in prokaryotic cells.
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