B2 Receptor Agonists: Short-Acting Beta2 Agonists

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What is the primary reason for developing levalbuterol?

To reduce skeletal muscle tremor

To provide a more effective rescue inhaler

To promote inflammation in patients

To decrease the risk of tachycardia (correct)

What is the primary mechanism of action of short-acting B2 receptor agonists?

Promotion of inflammation

Inhibition of mediator release (correct)

Stimulation of skeletal muscle tremor

Stimulation of smooth muscle contraction

What is the main concern with using long-acting B2 receptor agonists (LABAs) alone?

They lack anti-inflammatory and disease-modifying properties (correct)

They may promote inflammation

They may interact with inhaled corticosteroids

They may cause skeletal muscle tremor

What is the primary indication for short-acting B2 receptor agonists?

Acute bronchospasm (rescue inhaler) and prevention of exercise-induced asthma Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of long-acting B2 receptor agonists (LABAs) over short-acting B2 receptor agonists?

They are more lipid soluble, which leads to a longer duration of action Signup and view all the answers

What is the black box warning associated with long-acting B2 receptor agonists?

Increased risk of asthma-related death when used alone Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Cromolyn (Intal)?

Inhibits degranulation and the subsequent release of histamine and leukotrienes Signup and view all the answers

What is the dose-response of Theophylline (Elixophyllin)?

Dose-dependent increase in bronchodilation Signup and view all the answers

How long would you expect aspirin-induced platelet inhibition to persist after drug discontinuation?

1 to 2 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended use of Leukotriene Inhibitors (LTRA) in asthma management?

In combination with high-dose ICS + LABA, considered prior to initiation of chronic corticosteroid therapy Signup and view all the answers

Which drug requires hepatic metabolism to its active form?

Plavix (clopidogrel) Signup and view all the answers

What is the time to peak serum concentration of Theophylline (Elixophyllin) oral formulation?

1 to 2 hours (depending on dosage form) Signup and view all the answers

Which anticoagulant is contraindicated in pregnancy?

Coumadin (warfarin) Signup and view all the answers

What action should be taken if a patient's INR is 4.7 while taking Coumadin (Warfarin)?

Hold Coumadin (Warfarin), then restart at a lower dose Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal serum concentration of Theophylline (Elixophyllin)?

5 to 15 mcg/ml Signup and view all the answers

What action should be taken if a patient's INR is 2.8 while taking Coumadin (Warfarin), and they are hypotensive, tachycardic, and experiencing a headache?

Continue current regimen Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Omalizumab (Xolair)?

Inhibits IgE receptor binding on mast cells and basophils Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial consideration when managing a patient on Coumadin (Warfarin) who also has chronic condition C?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of clindamycin?

Inhibiting protein synthesis by interfering with the formation of initiation complexes and with aminoacyl translocation reactions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacteria is NOT covered by clindamycin?

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect of clindamycin?

Diarrhea and C. difficile infections Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique characteristic of linezolid's mechanism of action?

No cross-resistance with other drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is a pharmacokinetic characteristic of clindamycin?

Well-absorbed into most tissues, except brain/CSF Signup and view all the answers

What is the coverage of linezolid and tedizolid?

Gram-positive aerobes and anaerobes, including MRSA and VRE Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pathway in which TMP is involved?

Purine and nucleic acid production Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary target of TMP's inhibitory activity?

Bacterial dihydrofolate reductase Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of TMP in mammalian cells?

It is 50,000 times less efficient than in bacterial cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect of fluoroquinolones?

Tendonitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of metronidazole?

Production of toxic products in anaerobic cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for fluoroquinolone use?

Pediatric populations Signup and view all the answers